- Buka: izinsalela
- Ukuphakama: 4000 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle
- Usuku lokuvela kwempucuko: cishe eminyakeni eyi-15,000 edlule
I-Tiwanaku (i-Spanish Tiahuanaco) - mhlawumbe kungumlando odume kakhulu, owaziwa kakhulu futhi ongaqashiwanga weBolivia . I-Tiwanaku yidolobha lasendulo futhi liphakathi kwempucuko ekhona isikhathi eside ngaphambi komlando we-Inca. Itholakala eduze kweLake Titicaca endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-4 000 ngaphezu kolwandle, eMnyangweni weLa Paz .
Kwabesosayensi nabacwaningi, kuyinto engaqondakali ukuthi abantu basendulo, ngaphandle kwemishini ekhethekile, bakwazi kanjani ukwakha izakhiwo zamatshe ezingaphezu kuka-200 amathani, futhi kungani le mpucuko enkulu yawela phansi. Masithemba ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zonke izimfihlo zaleli dolobha eliyimfihlakalo ziyokwembulwa, kodwa manje ake sibuke umlando walesi sibonakaliso saseBolivia .
Impucuko yasendulo yeTiwanaku
I-Tiwanaku yavuka isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwempucuko ye-Inca futhi yaba khona iminyaka engamakhulu amabili nambili, iphelile ngokuphelele eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-1000 edlule. Isimo saseTiwanaku sithatha indawo esuka eLwandle iTitacaca kuya e-Argentina, kodwa naphezu kwamandla ayo, uTiwanaku akazange ahlanganyele kunoma yimiphi impi, okuqinisekiswa yizikhukhula ezinkulu: akukho ukuqinisekiswa okulodwa kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali.
Isisekelo senkambiso yabakhileyo baseTiwanaku eBolivia kwakuwukukhulekelwa kweSanga, izithelo zawo amaNdiya asendulo ayebhekwa njengegolide. Igolide lalihlotshiswe ngezakhiwo ezingcwele, igolide laligqokwe abapristi, libonisa ukuxhumana neLanga. Ngeshwa, izicucu eziningi zegolide zomphakathi weTiwanaku zabiwe ngesikhathi seSpanish, zanyuka noma zithengiswa emakethe emnyama. Eziningi zalezi zinto zegolide manje zingabonakala emaqoqweni abucala.
Umnotho weTiwanaku
Umnotho walesi sakhiwo wakhiwe kumahekthera angu-200 omhlaba, izakhamuzi zazondla ngokwabo, zahlanganyela kwezolimo. Ukuze bathole izitshalo ezinhle esimweni esingesimweni esingenasimweni esihle, isimo samanzi kanye nesistimu yokunisela kwakhiwa lapha, okubhekwa njenge-agro-system eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke ezweni lasendulo. Ngendlela, le nqubo isisinde kuze kube namuhla.
Ngaphandle kwezolimo, izakhamuzi zasendulo zaseTiwanaku eBolivia zazibandakanya ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo ye-ceramic, engabonakala emnyuziyamu wesiqhingi sasePariti. Ngeshwa, kuphela inani elincane lezitsha ze-ceramic ezafika kithi, ngoba ukushaya kwabo kwakufakwe emidlalweni engcwele.
Izakhiwo zomuzi waseTianwuaco
Akuzona zonke izakhiwo ezidlule isikhathi sokuhlolwa, kepha ezinye zezakhiwo zingabonwa nanamuhla:
- "Hangman Inca" - empeleni kuyimboni yezinkanyezi, okungahambisani nendawo yokubulawa, okungenani i-Incas. I-Observatory yakhiwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-4 000 eyedlule, futhi ngaphakathi kwendonga ososayensi basendulo baqoqa izibikezelo zemvula, izinhlelo zomsebenzi wezolimo, izinsuku zasehlobo kanye ne-equinox yasebusika. I-Hangman ye-Incas yavulwa ngo-1978.
- Ithempeli laseKalasasaya ngenye yezakhiwo ezinkulu kunazo zonke edolobheni laseTiaunako. Izindonga zesakhiwo zakhiwe ngamatshe amakhulu anesithamela esiphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi onjiniyela baleso sikhathi babe nobuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele, bakwazi ukubala isisindo esifanele sesikhulumi kanye nezinga elidingekayo lokuzikhethela. Ithempeli linesici esithakazelisayo - umgodi ekubunjweni kwezindlebe ezivumela ababusi ukuba bazwe abantu bekhuluma kude futhi baxoxisane.
- ISango LaseSanga liyingxenye yethempeli laseKalasasaya kanye nesikhumbuzo esikhulu kunazo zonke emiphakathini yaseTiwanaku, enenjongo yayo engakaxazululwa. Ingqimba yetshe lihlotshiswe ngemidwebo, phezulu kwesango lihlotshiswe umuntu-ilanga elinamakhosi amabili ezandleni zakhe. Ngaphansi kwesango kukhona izinyanga ezingu-12, ezihambisana nekhalenda yanamuhla.
- Umbhoshongo we-Akapan yithempeli likaNkulunkulu uPamama (Umama Womhlaba). Le phiramidi inamamitha angu-7, ukuphakama kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha angu-200. Ezingeni lokugcina lepiramidi kunezinto zokugcina izinto ezinjengobhasi, lapho amaNdiya asendulo afundela khona izinkanyezi, enza izibalo ezinkanyezini. Ngaphakathi kwepiramidi kunezimbiza ezingaphansi komhlaba, lapho amanzi aphuma khona phezulu eNtabeni Akapan.
- Izithombe. Insimu yedolobha laseTiwanaku ihlotshiswe ngezithombe eziningi eziningana zabantu. Ziqoshiwe kusukela ku-monolith futhi zihlanganiswe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezitshela izindaba ezihlukahlukene empilweni yentuthuko yasendulo yeTiwanaku.
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Tiwanako Technologies
Kuze kube yilolu suku kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo ukuthi amaNdiya aseThiwanako asekuqaleni asetshenziselwa ukucubungula itshe lapho izinto eziyinhloko zomuzi waseTiwanaku eBolivia zakhiwa khona nokuthi zanikezela emkhatsini we-quarry eseduze nendawo engamakhilomitha angu-80 ukusuka komuzi ukuya endaweni yokwakhiwa. Umbono ososayensi uguqulela into eyodwa kuphela: abakhi bomuzi waseTiwanaku eBolivia babe nolwazi oluhle nolwazi olunzulu, ngoba esikhathini sethu ukuhamba kwamatshe amakhulu kangaka akunakwenzeka.
Sunset impucuko eTiwanaku
Ngokusho kososayensi abaningi, ukwehla kwenhlalakahle yaseTiwanaku kwenzeka ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zezulu: eNingizimu Melika cishe lonke leminyaka, hhayi ukuphakama kwemvula yamanzi, futhi akukho ulwazi nolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe olusize ukulondoloza isivuno. Izakhamuzi zahamba edolobheni laseTiaunako, zifihla emadolobheni amancane entabeni, futhi impucuko enkulu eyayikhona iminyaka engamakhulu amabili nambili, yabhujiswa ngokuphelele. Kodwa kunenye imibono: impucuko yeTiwanaku yanyamalala ngenxa yengozi yemvelo, isimo sayo esingaziwa.
Ungayithola kanjani ku-Tiwanaku?
Ungaya emanxiweni avela eLa Paz ngebhasi elihamba phambili (izindleko zokuhamba yizinkulungwane ezingu-15 zama-bolivars) noma njengengxenye yamaqembu okuvakasha (kulokhu izindleko zohambo nokuvakasha kuzobiza ama-bolivars angu-80). Ukungena ensimini yeTiwanako kukhokhwa, kuzokubiza ama-bolivars angu-80.