- Ikheli: Bima, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
- Ukuqhuma kokugcina: 1967.
- Ukuphakama kwesigungu: 2850 m
- Ifomu le-volcano: stratovolcano
- Isikhathi semfundo: eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-57 edlule
Abaningi bayazi ngeMpi eyaziwa kakhulu yaseManziloo, kodwa bambalwa abaye bezwa ngomlilo onguTambor. Ayikho incwadi yomlando izokutshela ukuthi ezinyangeni ezimbili nje. ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kukaNapoleon, ngo-1815 e- Indonesia , esiqhingini saseSumbava saqala ukuqhuma kwentaba yaseTambora, inamandla kunayo yonke eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa zokugcina. Zombili lezi zenzakalo zathinteka kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, kodwa ngesizathu esithile kwaba yimpi emasimini aseBelgium azinikele emitatsheni yonke, kanti i-volcano yaseTambor iminyaka engama-200 ayisho lutho.
Sikunikeza ukuthi ufunde amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo nabangavamile mayelana nentaba yaseTambor, engabonakala esithombeni ngezansi.
I-precurse of the catastrophe
Ngo-Ephreli 5, 1815 emgodini we-volcano kwakukhona ukuqhuma okuncane. Iziphathimandla zesiqhingi saseJava isikhathi eside azikwazanga ukuthi zivela kuphi ukudumazeka okunjalo. Kwabonakala kubantu ukuthi omunye umkhumbi wawushintsha noma abahlubuki bahlasele ibhuloho laseBrithani. Ukuze uthole ukuthi kwenzekani, uMbusi Stamford Raffle wathumela imikhumbi emibili emaphethelweni aseSumbawa, kodwa amasosha akatholanga lutho olusobala.
Ukuqhuma kwentaba yaseTambor
Eqinisweni, lezi ziqhuma zaziyisiqalo sokuqhuma okukhulu kwe-volcanic emlandweni wesintu. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu:
- Ngo-Ephreli 6, 1815, insimu engamakhilomitha angu-600 ukusuka eTambor yayigcwele umlotha. Ukuqhuma kwaqala kakhulu, futhi emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa umlotha owa phansi waba ngamatshe amakhulu ashisa. Ngalo-7 ntambama ngo-10 Ephreli, izinsika ezintathu zomlilo zadonsela phezu kwentaba. Kusuka kude kwakunjengama-cones omlilo, lapho umlotha namatshe ahlakazeka kuzo zonke izinkomba.
- Khona-ke kwavela into embi futhi emangalisa: kusukela phezulu kwentaba, i-vortex enkulu enkulu yomlilo yaqhamuka, ngemizuzwana, yabhubhisa umuzi waseSagar, engamakhilomitha angu-40 ukusuka eTambor. Ukuqothulwa kwezidumbu nokushisa izihlahla ezinezimpande, zonke izimila, izilwane nabantu. Ngemva kwehora, i-pumice enobubanzi obuyi-20 cm yaqala ukuphuma emlonyeni wesiqhumane seTambora. Ngemuva kwehora elilodwa, i-lava igeleza iqhubekela phansi emithambekeni futhi ibhubhisa yonke into endleleni yayo.
- Ngehora lesishiyagalolunye esiqhingini saseMalaysia, amagagasi angamamitha amane ahlasela ogwini lwase-East Java, athuthela ngamandla eziqhingini zaseMoluccas phakathi kweSulawesi neNew Guinea, ekugcineni wafika entabeni yaseTambora. Kuze kube ngu-43 m, ukubhema nomlotha kuphakama, okwenza kube ngu-650 km ubusuku bonke, okwenzeka izinsuku ezingu-3. Ukuqhuma kwe-volcano kwazwakala kuze kube ngobusuku ka-Ephreli 11. I-tsunami, eyabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, yahlanza cishe yonke indawo yokuhlala e-Malaysian archipelago futhi yabulala abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6.
- Kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu. i-volcano yaseTambor e-Indonesia yaqhuma futhi yakhanya. Ngemuva nje kokuthula, uMbusi Stamford Raffle wanquma ukuthumela izintaba ezinikezwa izakhamuzi ezizungezile. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba iqembu labahlengikazi livele isithombe esabekayo. Ngenkathi inqwaba enkulu yenhlanhla yayingalingani le ndawo, insimu yagcwatshwa emlotha nasodakeni ngamathani ezinsalela nezitshalo ezikuyo.
Imiphumela
Akukho lutho oludlula ngaphandle, futhi izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinjalo zishiya imikhawulo ejulile emhlabeni wethu. Intaba-mlilo yaseTambor e-Indonesia nayo yashiya umbono wayo:
- Labo abasinda bahlushwa indlala, ukoma kanye nekhamera, amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile futhi irayisi elincane lalikulungele ukunikeza ukugcina. Izidumbu zabantu nezilwane zalala phezu kweSumbawa, abahlala behamba bezungeza okhalweni oludakeni befuna ukudla. Ngemuva kokuqhuma, kwafa abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-11 kuya kwezingu-12, kodwa lokhu kwakuwukuphela kokuqala. Ukuhlukunyezwa okwenzeka esimweni sezulu emva kokuqhuma kwaba yinto ebangela "ubusika benyukliya", ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izakhamuzi ezingu-50 zase-Indonesia zabulawa yindlala nezifo. E-stratosphere sulfure isikhathi eside ngomlotha, futhi ukupholisa okubukhali emhlabeni wonke kwadlula iminyaka eminingi.
- Amanye amazwe e-Tambora intaba-mlilo nawo athintekile. Ukupholisa okusheshayo kwaqala ehlobo lika-1815 enyakatho yezwe laseMhlabeni, abantu baseNyakatho Melika babethinteke kakhulu yizibandayo. Iqhwa, elawela ngoJuni, lidale umonakalo ezweni lonke lokulima.
- Eningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu esikhathini esiyi-1816-1819. isimo sezulu sashintsha sathatha imiphefumulo eminingi, abantu babegula nge-typhus, futhi ngenxa yokuhluleka kwezitshalo kanye nesifo esiwumshayabhuqe wemfuyo, nabo baphathwa yindlala.
- Ukuqhuma kwe-volcano ngo-1815 kwabhubhisa ngokuphelele umuzi waseTambor. Kanye nabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-10 ngaphansi kohlaka lwamamitha amathathu emlotha, isiko lendawo, ulimi lweTambor futhi wonke umlando walaba bantu wangcwatshwa kuze kube phakade. Ngonyaka ka-2004, kwenziwa izimbiwa kule ndawo, futhi abavubukuli bathola izindlu zaseTambor, amathuluzi, izitsha kanye nezinsalela eziningi zakwa-Aboriginal. Konke lokhu kwangcwatshwa ngaphansi komlotha womlotha iminyaka engama-200, futhi indawo yokucwaninga yabizwa ngeMpumalanga Pompeii.
Iyini intaba-mlilo ehehayo yeTambora yabavakashi?
I-Indonesia ayiyazi nje kuphela izindawo ezinhle, amabhishi angaphandle, kodwa nezintaba-mlilo eziyingozi, eyingozi kakhulu futhi ebulalayo yi-Tambora Emhlabeni. Namuhla, iNtabeni iTambora igxilile, kodwa izakhamuzi zendawo yayo zilungele ukuphuma. Abantu bendawo bayazi kahle amandla ale ntaba kahle, futhi bazizwa bexube ukwesaba nokuhlonipha okujulile ngentshonalanga, ngoba lokhu kuyindaba kaSumbawa, lapho bonke abahlala khona bezokutshela khona.
Abavakashi bakhangwa nalendawo: abaningi baphupha ukuba bakhuphukele phezulu bese bebona isikhala esikhulu esikhulu samamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-7. Kusuka eNtabeni iTambor umbono omuhle kakhulu we-Sumbawa uvula. Enye yezithambile isiteshi seism sisakhiwe, lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo emisebenzini ye-volcano yaseTambor.
Ukunqoba kwesigungu seTambor
Izintaba zivame ukuvakashela eTambor. Kuye kwakhiwa imizila eminingana, eyenza sikwazi ukunqoba intaba-mlilo. Kuze kube manje, ukuphakama kweNtaba iTambor kungu-2751 m. Ukunyuka kwentaba:
- Kusuka emzaneni waseDoro Mboha, ungaqala emthambekeni oseningizimu-mpumalanga. Indlela lapha ilula futhi iholela enkabeni yezintaba;
- kusukela emzaneni wasePanchasila umzila unzima kakhulu futhi uhola ngasemthambekeni osenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-Doro Peti futhi ithatha cishe izinsuku ezingu-2, futhi izivakashi kufanele zifinyelele emahlathini amahlathi. Kodwa uhambo lufanelekile, phambi kwakho uzobona kusukela ekuphakameni ulwandle olukhulu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka olukhula emajulini ase-Edelweiss, futhi isithombe esithakazelisayo se-caldera esiqhumini seTambor siyoba umklomelo oyinhloko wesibindi.
Ungafika kanjani?
Inhloko-dolobha yesiqhingi saseSumbawa ingafinyelelwa ngomoya. Izindiza zezindiza "Trigana" ne "Merpati" zaseDenpasar zenza izindiza eziya esiqhingini izikhathi ezine ngesonto. Kukhona futhi izivalo ezixhuma uLombok nePoto Tano futhi zisebenza ngehora. Okulandelayo, ukuqasha imoto ngqo esikhumulweni sezindiza bese udla noma idolobhana laseDoro Mboha, noma ePanchasilu.