Abazali, ukuzalwa kwengane kuyisenzakalo esiyinhloko ekuphileni futhi injabulo enkulu. Futhi ngenxa yombuso lapho lo mntwana azalwa khona - lokhu kubonakala kwesakhamuzi esisha, okuhambisana nenombolo yezimo ezihlelekile. Enye yalezi zikhathi ezihlelekile ukuqinisekiswa nokubhaliswa kokuzakhamuzi kwengane.
Iziphi izimo ezinquma ukuthi yisakhamuzi sezingane?
Emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni, izimo ezithatha isakhamuzi somntwana ekuzalweni zingahluka. Igama lesayensi lokunquma ukwakhiwa kwesakhamuzi ngokuzalwa yilona igatsha. Ezweni kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zegatsha:
1. Jus sanguinis (lat.) - "ngelungelo legazi" - uma ubuzwe bendodana buxhomeke ekubeni yisakhamuzi sabazali bakhe (noma umzali oyedwa). Leli fomu legatsha lamukelwa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi indawo yonke yeSoviet.
Imininingwane eminingi yezimo zokuthola ubuzwe "ngelungelo legazi" esibonelweni seRussian Federation. Ngaphansi komthetho waseRashiya, isakhamuzi saseRussian Federation ingumntwana uma abazali bakhe (noma umzali oyedwa) ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwakhe babenezakhamuzi zaseRussia. Kulesi simo indawo yokuzalwa yengane ayinandaba. Ngakho-ke, qaphela ukuthi yimaphi amadokhumenti adingekayo ukuze ubhalise ubuzwe bentombazane. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko imibhalo eqinisekisa ubuzwe babazali: ipasipoti enombhalo wokuba yisakhamuzi noma (uma uphawu olunjalo epasipoti alikho) ithikithi lempi, ukukhishwa kwincwadi yamakhaya, isitifiketi esendaweni yokufunda, njll. Futhi uma ingane inomzali oyedwa, kuzodingeka elinye idokhumenti ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungabikho komzali wesibili (isitifiketi sokufa, isinqumo senkantolo ngokunqotshwa kwamalungelo omzali, njll). Uma omunye wabazali isakhamuzi somunye umbuso, isitifiketi kufanele sithunyelwe ku-Federal Federal Migration Service ukuthi ingane ayinayo isakhamuzi saleso sizwe. Ngokwezisekelo zale mibhalo futhi (kwezinye izimo) izicelo zesimo esimisiwe, ubunikazi bomntwana buqinisekisiwe: isitembu esifanele sibekwa ngemuva kwesitifiketi sokuzalwa kwengane. Isitifiketi sokubeletha esinesitembu esinjalo uqobo luyimibhalo eqinisekisa ukuthi yisakhamuzi saseRussia somntwana. Uma isitifiketi sokuzalwa singaphandle, isitembu sibekwa eceleni kwezinguqulo ezibhalwe phansi zesitifiketi. Ngaphambi kukaFebhuwari 6, 2007, izitifiketi zokuzalwa, ukufakwa kwesitifiketi sokuzalwa kukhishwe.
2. Jus soli (isiLatini) - "ilungelo lomhlabathi (umhlaba)" - ifomu lesibili legatsha, lapho ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi sezingane lithathwe indawo yokuzalwa. Yebo. ingane ithola ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi sombuso lapho azalwa khona.
Amazwe anikezela ubunikazi ngokuzalwa emkhakheni wabo kubantwana (abanobabili abangabazali bezinye izizwe) ikakhulukazi amazwe aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika (okuqondakalayo yiqiniso langempela). Nazi uhlu lwabo: i-Antigua ne-Barbuda, i-Argentina, i-Barbados, iBelize, iBolivia, iBrazil, i-Chile, iColombia, iDominica, iDominican Republic, i-Ecuador, i-El Salvador, i-Fiji, i-Grenada, i-Guatemala, i-Guyana, i-Honduras, i-Hong Kong, i-Jamaica, iLesotho, iMexico, iNicaragua , EPakistan, ePanama, eParaguay, ePeru, eSt. Christopher naseNevis, eSaint Lucia, eSt. Vincent naseGrenadines, eTrinidad naseTobago, eU.SA, e-Uruguay naseVenezuela. Kukhona futhi phakathi kwamazwe asekuqaleni e-CIS isimo esinikeza ubuzwe "ngokufanele inhlabathi" - yi-Azerbaijan. Ngendlela, "ilungelo legazi" lisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa e-republic.
Amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa "ilungelo lomhlabathi" nezinye izidingo nemingcele. Isibonelo, eCanada, isebenza kuwo wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kwazingane ezizalwa ensimini yezakhamuzi zezwe. Futhi eJalimane leli lungelo lisekelwa yizidingo zokuhlala kwabazali kuleli zwe okungenani iminyaka engu-8. Wonke ama-nuances alo magazini akhishwa emthethweni wombuso ngamunye. Kusukela kuzo kuzoxhomeka nendlela yokukhipha isakhamuzi kumntwana okhonkolo.
3. Ngefa - ifomu elingavamile kunazo zonke legatsha, elenzeka kuphela emazweni amaningana aseYurophu. Isibonelo, ubuzwe baseLatvia bamukelwa yibo bonke okhokho babo ababengabahlali beRiphabhlikhi yaseLatvia ngaphambi kukaJuni 17, 1940.
Ngidinga ukuba yisakhamuzi somntanami?
Ukuqinisekiswa kokuba yisakhamuzi somntwana kuyadingeka ukuthola ipasipoti, ngaphandle kokumaketha kokuzakhamuzi, ukungatholi imali yokubeletha, futhi esikhathini esizayo idokhumenti yokuqinisekisa ubuzwe bomntwana kuyodingeka ukuze uthole ipasipoti jikelele.