Kungenzeka ukuthi inkohlakalo yayingeyona nje emphakathini wangaphambili, lapho abantu bedla izithelo kuphela ezivela emithini kanye nenyama enkulu. Babenelutho lalezi zipho zemvelo futhi kwakungekho isidingo sokunikeza inkokhelo yesizwe noma abapristi ukuba bathathe ingxenye ephana kakhulu yomkhakha kusuka kumakhelwane. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho isikhulu sokuqala sibonakala, futhi lo muntu ezwa ukunambitheka kwamandla, khona-ke inkohlakalo yakwazi ukugwema. Kakade iGibhithe lasendulo neMesopotamiya lazi lesi simo esibuhlungu. Emphakathini wethu othuthukile kukhona izilingo ezingaphezu kokungcola hhayi isandla sezikhulu ezingafuni ukucela izifumbathiso ngezinsizakalo zabo.
Umlando wokulwa nenkohlakalo
Ukulwa nalobubi bekulokhu kuzama isikhathi eside. Izincwadi ezindala zisitshela ngemithetho amakhosi namakhosi abamukelekayo ngokumelene nezifundo zabo ezihahayo. Ukwahlulela kuka-Ivan Owesabekayo, owawusayinwa yi-tsar ngo-1561, uthe isigwebo sokufa sasesongelwa yisiphathimandla sezomthetho ngokuthatha isifumbathiso. Kunezibonelo zokuphikiswa okuthandwayo ngokumelene nokungaboni kahle kwezinceku zikahulumeni. Ama-muscovites ngo-1648, ahlelwa ama-pogroms anjalo ayenziwa ngisho nenye ingxenye yenhloko-dolobha. U-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich waphoqeleka ukuba adlulisele isixuku sabantu ababili kubafundisi bakhe - izinhloko ze-Zemsky nasePushkarskiy. Ngemva konyaka, e-Cathedral Code ka-1649, icala lokubulala ubugebengu lahlelwa ukufumbathisa.
UPetru I. Izinkinga zokulwa nenkohlakalo nazo zazikhathazeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe. Ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, iNkosana Menshikov yakwazi ukuhoxisa ama-ruble ayizigidi ezivela egolide nasezindongeni zamabhange angaphandle. Akungaphansi kwakhe ngenxa yenzuzo yombuso, ezinye izikhulu zenziwa ngcono. Imithetho ejulile yasungulwa, izinyathelo zokulwa nenkohlakalo zathinteka, izikhulu eziphakeme zijeziswa ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa akekho noyedwa wezikhulu ongaqeda ngokuphelele lesi simo esiyingozi.
Ukonakala kweqembu kuqala kwavela eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Izinkampani ezinkulu nezinkampani zokubambelela izithakazelo zabo zangasese azikhokhisi umgomo othile wokukhonkolo, kodwa ngokuqondile kwirejista yemali yeqembu. Emazweni omhlaba wesithathu, imibuso yokubusa yaletha izwe lawo kulokhu, ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula lutho ngaphandle kokunikezwa ngemali. Isibonelo, e- Indonesia, uMengameli uSuharto uchaze ngokucacile isifumbathiso sezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi kumele akhokhele umndeni wakubo ukuze uthole imvume yokusebenza lapha.
Ukulwa ngamazwe ngamazwe okulwa nenkohlakalo
Impi nalolu bubi ibangelwa ukungezwani kwezinye izinhlelo zomthetho zamandla ahlukene. Kwamanye amazwe abafumbathisi kuphela bajeziswa, futhi kwabanye kuphela ngenxa yezifumbathiso. Ukunikezwa kwemali akuyona ubugebengu kubo. E-US, ukugqugquzelwa okusemthethweni kungathola kuphela kuhulumeni wakhe, futhi ngokuphula umthetho, kuze kube yiminyaka emibili ejele. Ngenxa yezifumbathiso kuleli zwe, imigomo yokuboshwa iminyaka engama-20 inikezwa. Ngakho-ke, lapha izinga lenkohlakalo liphansi kakhulu kunamanye amazwe. Ngo-1989, amazwe aseGembu Lama-Seven adala iqembu lamazwe ngamazwe ngokuhlukana kwemali, elahla futhi lasiza ekufezeni izinyathelo eziningi zokulwa nalokhu okubi. Ngo-2005, i-United Nations Convention Against Corruption yaqala ukusebenza. Kancane kancane, umphakathi womhlaba uzama ukuletha izindinganiso ezifanayo umthetho wezobugebengu kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile. Phakathi kwalezi zizwe kukhona ukushintshaniswa kolwazi, ukukhishwa kwabantu abenza ubugebengu obukhohlakala. Izinyathelo zomphakathi zokulwa nenkohlakalo, ezitholwa kancane kancane kuwo wonke amazwe ukuvimbela ubugebengu.
Usuku Lokulwa Nenkohlakalo
Usuku lokuqala lweSuku LwaMazwe ngamazwe olulwa nokuHluma lwaqala ukugubha ngoDisemba 9, 2003. Ngalolo suku ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu edolobheni laseMexico laseMerida kwakunomhlangano omkhulu. I-UN Convention Against Corruption yavulwa ukuze isayinwe. Konke okusayine le dokhumenti kwakuzokwephula isenzo sokufumbathisa, ukukhishwa kwemali, ukweba kwezimali zomphakathi. Zonke izindlela kumele zithathwe ezigebengu bese zibuyela ezweni lapho ukweba kwabo kwenziwa khona. Izinkomfa, imiboniso, imihlangano kufanele iqhutshwe kwiSuku Lwamanye amazwe ngokumelene noHlongo. Bonke abantu abacabangela lobu bugebengu kumele bahlanganyele ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, bahlanganise imizamo yabo futhi bahlangane ngokumelene nobubi.