I-psychology yokuhlola iyinkambu ehlukile yesayensi, ucwaningo lwalo oluye lwaheha ngaso sonke isikhathi ukunakwa okuningi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuphakama kwawo okungakaze kwenzeke kwaqashelwa. Wafunda iqiniso, mhlawumbe ngisho nezinhloso ezifihliwe zokuziphatha kwabantu, isimo sabo, wabafundisa ukuba baqonde izinhloso zabo zangempela.
Senze uhlu lwezilingo ezidume kakhulu ezingokwengqondo, okungaveza ngokucacile ukuthi umuntu akazi konke ngaye. Imingcele emisha iyavula, abaningi bayaqonda ukuthi ukulawula okubonakalayo ukukhohlisa, empeleni umuntu akakwazi ukuzilawula futhi uqinisekile. Bheka kabanzi uhlu, mhlawumbe uzothola into entsha.
1. "Ukuhlola okucwasayo".
UJane Elliot, uthisha wase-Iowa, wakhulisa udaba lokubandlulula ekilasini lakhe ngemuva kokubulawa kukaMartin Luther King. Kulesi simo, abafundi bekilasi lakhe empilweni ejwayelekile abazange bakhulume nabancane abahlala endaweni yabo. Okusemqoka kokuhlolwa ukuthi iklasi lihlukaniswe ngokwemibala yamehlo - eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nesikhumba. Ngelinye ilanga wayekhetha abafundi abanamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi iqembu "elicindezelwe" ngokomzimba liziphatha ngokungapheli. Asikho isinyathelo, asikho isifiso sokuzibonakalisa. Iqembu lezintandokazi kunoma yiliphi icala liyazibonakalisa, nakuba izolo azikwazanga ukubhekana nokuhlolwa okunikezwe ngemisebenzi.
2. upiyano we-Rainbow.
Ngesinyathelo se-Volkswagen, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ukuthi kubonisa ukuthi uma wenza izinto zansuku zonke zikhangayo, ukuphila ngeke kube kubi. Ucwaningo lwaqhutshwa eStockholm, eSweden. Izitebhisi zezitebhisi zamatrosi zaphenduka iphiyano yomculo. Inhloso yalolu lwazi ukuthola ukuthi ngabe isiteli esinjalo somculo sizoshukumisela ukushiya escalator. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi abantu abangu-66% bakhetha isitela somculo nsuku zonke, bephendukela emaminithini ambalwa ezinganeni. Izinto ezinjalo zingenza ukuphila kujabulise, kugcwele kakhulu, futhi abantu banempilo.
3. "Fiddler esitimeleni."
Ngo-2007, ngoJanuwari 12, abagibeli nabagibeli bezitimela babe nethuba lokulalela violin virtuoso uJoshuwa Bell. Udlale imizuzu engama-45 ekushintsheni komdlalo owodwa kunzima kakhulu, okwenza nge-violin ngesandla. Kubantu abadlulayo, abantu abayisithupha kuphela abamlalele, 20 babanika imali, abanye bahamba, abazali baxosha izingane lapho beka ukulalela umculo. Akekho owayenesithakazelo esimweni se-violinist. Ithuluzi lakhe nomsebenzi wakhe. Lapho uJohn Bella eseqedile ukudlala, kwakungekho nehlombe. Ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi ubuhle abubonwanga endaweni engakhululekile futhi ngesikhathi esingalungile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amakhonsathi e-violinist kumathikithi ehholo le-symphony athengiswa kusengaphambili, izindleko zabo kwakungu-$ 100.
4. Ukuhlolwa okubhemayo.
Ukuhlolwa kwakuwukuthi abantu baphenywa ekamelweni elincane lagcwala umusi ovela ngaphansi komnyango. Emaminithini amabili e-poll, abantu abangu-75% bathi umusi uyangena ekamelweni. Lapho kubanjwe abadlali abambalwa ekamelweni futhi nabo basebenza kulolu hlu lwemibuzo, kodwa bakhohlisa ukuthi kwakungekho ubusi, abantu abayisishiyagalolunye kwabangu-10 bathatha isikhundla sabo sokungahambi kahle, bebhekene nezinkinga. Inhloso yocwaningo ukukhombisa ukuthi abaningi balungisa iningi, ukwamukela isimo sengqondo esingahambi kahle akulungile. Kuyadingeka ukuba yilowo owenza ngenkuthalo.
5. Ukuhlolwa kwezenhlalakahle eKarlsberg ku-brewery.
Okusemqoka kokuhlolwa: lo mbhangqwana wangena ehholo eligcwele le-cinema, lapho kwakukhona izihlalo ezimbili ezingenalutho phakathi nendawo. Zonke ezinye izivakashi zazihamba ngebhayisikili ezinonya. Abanye bashiye, kodwa uma lo mbhangqwana uthatha indawo efanele, wathola i-rumble yokuvunywa kanye negagasi lebhiya njengesibhonasi. Inhloso yalokhu kuhlola ukukhombisa ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukwahlulelwa ngokubukeka.
6. Ukuhlolwa komphangi womhume.
Okusemqoka kokuzama ukukhombisa ukuthi, ngenxa yomncintiswano phakathi kwamaqembu, ubuhlobo phakathi kwabahlanganyeli buya phansi. Abafana abaneminyaka engu-11 no-12 babehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili futhi bahlala ekamu ehlathini, ngokuzimela, bengakwazi ukuthi kukhona abaphikisana nabo. Ngemuva kwesonto baziswa, futhi ukungahambi kahle kwaqina ngenxa yomncintiswano odalwe. Ngemva kwesonto baxazulula ngokubambisana inkinga ebalulekile evamile - bakhipha amanzi, okwakunqunywe yizicathulo ngaphansi kwezimo. Isizathu esivamile senziwa, sabonisa ukuthi umsebenzi onjalo ususa okubi, ukhuthaza ubudlelwane obuseduze.
7. Zama amaswidi.
Izingane ezineminyaka engama-4 kuya kwengu-6 zawela ekamelweni lapho amaswidi ayemi etafuleni (marshmallows, pretzels, amakhukhi). Batshelwa ukuthi bangadla, kepha uma bekulinda imizuzu engu-15, bayothola umvuzo. Abantwana abangu-600 kuphela okuyingxenye encane ngesikhathi esisodwa badla ukwelashwa okuvela etafuleni, bonke abanye balinde ngesineke umvuzo, ngaphandle kokuthinta ubumnandi. Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi le ngxenye yezingane kamuva yaba nezinkomba eziphambili kakhulu ekuphileni kunabantwana abangenakuzivimbela.
8. Ukuhlolwa kweMilgram.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngo-1961 isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uStanley Milgram. Inhloso yalo ukukhombisa ukuthi umuntu uzolandela iziyalezo ezigunyazayo, ngisho noma ezilimaza abanye. Izihloko zaziyingxenye yothisha abangakwazi ukulawula isihlalo sikagesi lapho umfundi ehlezi khona. Kwadingeka aphendule imibuzo uma bekungalungile, athole ukukhishwa. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba ngu-65% wabantu abaqhuba umyalelo wokudubula, ukulawula okwamanje, okungasula kalula umuntu wokuphila. Ukulalela, okukhuliswa kusukela ebuntwaneni, akusona isici esihle. Ukuhlolwa kuveze ngokucacile lokhu.
9. Zama ingozi yemoto.
Phakathi nohlolo luka-1974, abahlanganyeli babuzwa ukuthi bacabange ukushayeka kwemoto. Umgomo ukukhombisa ukuthi iziphetho zabantu zihluke kuye ngokuthi imibuzo ibuzwa kanjani. Abahlanganyeli babehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili, babuzwa ngezinto ezifanayo, kodwa ama-formulations nezenzo zazihlukile. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuthi umbono womuntu ongaphandle uxhomeke endleleni umbuzo owacelwa ngayo. Akuzona njalo izitatimende ezinjalo ezinokwethenjelwa.
10. Ukulinganisa Amanga Okubambisana.
Abafundi baseyunivesithi babuzwa ukuthi bavumelana yini isigamu sehora ukuthi bahambe ngekhamera njengesikhangiso esibukhoma - nebhodi elikhulu elinesihloko esithi "Yidla noJoe." Labo abavuma baqiniseka ukuthi iningi leqembu lizovuma. Ngokufanayo, labo abenqaba ukuhlanganyela emcabangweni wokuhlola. Ucwaningo lubonise ngokucacile ukuthi umuntu wayevame ukukholelwa ukuthi umbono wakhe uhambelana nemibono yeningi.
Ukuhlolwa okungabonakali kwe-Gorilla.
Abaphenyiwe babukele le vidiyo, lapho abantu abangu-3 bezingubo ezimhlophe nabantu abangu-3 bezingubo ezimnyama badlala ibhasikidi. Babedinga ukubukela abadlali abanezingubo ezimhlophe. Phakathi kwevidiyo enkundleni yabonakala i-gorilla, kanti inani lihlala khona imizuzwana engu-9. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuthi abanye bakhe abazange babone nhlobo, babambelele ekubukeni abadlali. Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi abaningi abaqapheli lutho oluzungezile nokuthi abanye abaqondi ukuthi bahlala benesithukuthezi.
12. Ucwaningo "Monster".
Lokhu kuhlolwa namuhla kubhekwa njengengozi futhi akusekho okwenziwa. Eminyakeni yama-30, umgomo wakhe kwakuwukufakazela ukuthi ukuqhuma akuyona ukuphambuka kwezakhi zofuzo, kodwa kuyisimo esiphilayo. Izintandane ezingu-22 zahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili. UDkt. Johnson wazama ukufakazela ukuthi uma ubhala iqembu elilodwa njengokubamba izingane, inkulumo yabo iyoba yimbi kakhulu. Amaqembu amabili afika phambili. Leli qembu, elibizwa ngokuthi elijwayelekile, linikeze inkulumo futhi lathola ukuhlolwa okuhle. Iqembu lesibili ngokucophelela, ngokuqapha, lenze inkulumo, engaqiniseki ngamakhono ayo. Ekugcineni, ngisho nalabo bantwana abangazange baqale ukuzulazula, bathole lesi sifo. Ingane eyodwa kuphela ayitholanga ukuphulwa. Izingane ezivele zinyenyele, zenze isimo senzeke. Eqenjini lesibili, ingane eyodwa kuphela enenkinga yokukhuluma. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuthungatha okuzuziwe kwahlala nezingane ngokuphila, lokulinga kubonakala kungengozini.
13. Hlola ngomphumela we-Hawthorne.
Ukuzama ngomphumela we-Hawthorne kwenziwa ngo-1955. Uphishekele umgomo wokubonisa ukuthi izimo zokusebenza zithinta umkhiqizo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakungekho ukuthuthukiswa (ukukhanya okungcono, ukuphumula, amahora asebenzayo amancane) akuthinti umphumela wokugcina. Abantu basebenze kangcono, beqaphela ukuthi umnikazi webhizinisi uyabakhathalela. Bajabula ukuzwa ukubaluleka kwabo, futhi ukukhiqiza kwakhula.
14. Hlola umphumela we-halo.
Inhloso yalo ukukhombisa ukuthi umbono wokuqala ngomuntu uthonya kanjani, esikhathini esizayo, izimfanelo zakhe ziyabonakala. U-Edward Thorndike, ongumhlengikazi nesazi sengqondo, wabuza abaphathi ababili ukuba bahlole isosha ngemingcele ethile. Umgomo kwakuwukufakazela ukuthi umuntu owake wathola ukuhlolwa okuhle kwesosha, esikhathini esizayo, kusengaphambili, wanikeza incazelo enhle yokunye. Uma ekuqaleni bekukhona ukugxekwa, lo mlawuli wanikeza ukuhlolwa okungekho okungalungile kwesosha. Lokhu kwafakazela ukuthi umbono wokuqala udlala indima ebalulekile ekukhulumisaneni okuqhubekayo.
15. Icala likaChin Genovese.
Ukubulawa kukaKitti akuzange kuhlelwe njengokuhlola, kodwa kwavusa ukutholakala kwesifundo esibizwa ngokuthi "Bidentar." Umphumela wombukeli ubonakala, uma umuntu engavinjelwe ukuphazanyiswa esimweni esiphuthumayo ngenxa yobukhona bakhe. U-Genovese wabulawa endlini yakhe, futhi ofakazi ababukele lokhu akazange balinge ukumsiza noma ukubiza amaphoyisa. Umphumela: ababukeli banquma ukungaphazamisi okwenzekayo uma kukhona abanye ofakazi, ngoba abazizwa benecala.
16. Zama ngesidlo saseBobo.
Ukuhlolwa kufakazela ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kufundiswa ngosizo lwezenhlalo, ukukopisha futhi akuyona into eyifa.
U-Albert Bandura wasebenzisa idoli likaBobo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zikopisha ukuziphatha kwabantu abadala. Wahlukanisa abahlanganyeli emaqenjini amaningana:
- ingane eyodwa yaqala ukuphinda ukuziphatha okunomdlandla kudoli, ukukopisha abantu abadala;
- okwesibili nje kumane udlala nedoli, ulingisa umuntu omdala ongakwenzi;
- eqenjini lesithathu kwakuyizingane ezazingekho kubantu abadala.
Ngenxa yoluhlolo, usosayensi wathola ukuthi izingane zivame ukusebenzisa indlela yokuziphatha enonya, ikakhulukazi abafana.
17. Zama ukuhambisana no-Asch (Ash).
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ash kwafakazela ukuthi abantu bazama ukuhambisana nezimo zeqembu lomphakathi. Indoda yafika egumbini enezihloko zokuhlolwa, ibambe ngesandla sayo isithombe esinemigqa emithathu. Wacela wonke umuntu ukuba athi yiyiphi imigqa eyinde kakhulu. Abantu abaningi benza izimpendulo ezingalungile ngokukhethekile. Kubo, abantu abasha babekwe egumbini, abazama ukufanisa iningi labantu abangaziphenduli kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, kwafakazelwa ukuthi ezimweni zeqembu, abantu bavame ukwenza njengabo bonke, naphezu kobufakazi besinqumo esifanele.
18. Isivivinyo esihle samaSamariya.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kubonakala ukuthi isici se-situational sithonya kakhulu ukubonakaliswa komusa. Iqembu labafundi abavela e-Princeton seminary seminary lagcwalisa ngo-1973 imibuzo yemibuzo ngemfundo yenkolo nasemisebenzini. Ngemuva kokuthi bahambe kwesinye isakhiwo. Abafundi babe nezilungiselelo ezahlukene mayelana nesivinini sokunyakaza futhi baqala ushintsho. Emgwaqeni, umlingisi walingisa isimo sokungabi namandla (wahlola, ebonisa isimo esibi sempilo). Ngokuya ngesivinini sokuhamba kwabahlanganyeli, kuncike ekutheni bangaki abafundi abazisize umuntu. Abantu abayi-10% bashesha beya kwesinye isakhiwo, bamsiza; labo abahamba ngaphandle kamsinya basabela enkingeni yakhe ngezinga elikhulu. Abangu-63% babahlanganyeli basize. Ukusheshisa sekube yisici somuntu siqu, okuvimbela isenzo esihle.
19. Ikhamera kaFranz.
UFranz ngo-1961 wabonisa ukuthi umuntu usuvele ezalwa enezintandokazi zokubheka ubuso bomuntu. Umntwana wayebekiwe, ibhodi labekwe phezu kwalo, lapho kwakukhona izithombe ezimbili - ubuso bomuntu namehlo enkunzi. UFranz wabheka phezulu, futhi waphetha ngokuthi umntwana ubheka ebusweni bomuntu. Leli qiniso lichazwe ngale ndlela - ubuso bomuntu buphethe ulwazi olubalulekile lokuphila komntwana kamuva.
20. Isilingo sesithathu sokusakaza.
URon Johnson, uthisha womlando esikoleni esiphakeme eCalifornia, wabonisa ukuthi kungani amaJalimane ayemukela ngobumpofu umbuso wamaNazi. Wachitha izinsuku eziningana emisebenzini yakhe yokuzivocavoca ekilasini okufanele ahlangane futhi aqeqeshe. Le nhlangano yaqala ukukhula, inani labalandeli landa, wabutha abafundi e-rally futhi wathi bazokwaziswa ngekhamera elizayo likamabonakude. Lapho abafundi befika - bahlangane nesiteshi esingenalutho, futhi uthisha wakhuluma ngendlela uJalimane yamaNazi asebenza ngayo nokuthi yimfihlo yenkulumo yakhe.
21. Ukuhlolwa komphakathi.
Ukuvivinya i-Facebook 2012 kwaba yi-resonant. Abadali benethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu abazange batshele abasebenzisi babo ngakho. Kungakapheli iviki elilodwa, ukunakwa okubalulekile kwabasebenzisi kwakugxile ezindabeni ezingezansi noma ezinhle. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavezwa ukuthi isimo sengqondo esidluliselwa kubasebenzisi kwinethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu, sithinta ngokuqondile impilo yabo yangempela. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo inengxabano, kodwa wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ithinta kanjani namuhla ukuxhumana nomphakathi kunabantu.
22. Zama ngokuzalwa komama.
Ngama-1950s-1960 uHarry Harlow wenza ucwaningo, ezama ukuthola uxhumano phakathi kothando lomama nokuthuthukiswa okunempilo kwengane. Abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni babe ama-macaque. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubeletha, ama-cubs abekwe kuma-surrogates - amadivaysi akhethekile angahlinzeka ukudla okunomsoco kwabasha. Isigaba sokuqala sasigcwele ucingo, owesibili sinendwangu elithambile. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavezwa ukuthi ama-cubs ayesifinyelela ukuzithoba. Ngesikhathi sokukhathazeka, bamamukela, bethola induduzo. Ama-cubs anjalo akhulela ukukhathazeka ngokomzwelo kumuntu okhulunywe ngaye. Ama-cubs awakhula eduze kwesigqoko esihlanganiswe ngocingo abazange bazizwe besondelene ngokomzwelo, igridi yayingafaneleki kubo. Babengenalutho, bagijimela phansi.
23. Zama ukuxoshwa kwengqondo.
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uLeon Festinger ngo-1959 waqoqa iqembu lezifundo, wabamema ukuba benze umsebenzi obhebhezayo, umsebenzi onzima-kwakudingeka ukuvula izikhonkwane ebhodini isikhathi sehora elilodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxenye eyodwa yeqembu ikhokhelwe u-$ 1, i-$ 20 yesibili. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngemuva kokuphuma ekamelweni, zonke izihloko zibike ukuthi lo msebenzi wawuthakazelisayo. Abahlanganyeli abathola i-$ 1 bathi babelindele ukuthi umsebenzi uhleleke. Labo abathola ama-$ 20 bathi lo msebenzi awuzange uthandeke. Isiphetho - umuntu oziqamba amanga, akakhohlisi, ukholelwa kukho.
24. I-Stanford Prison Experiment.
Ukuhlolwa kwejele laseStanford kwaqhutshwa nguprofesa wezokwelapha uPhilip Zimbardo ngo-1971. Uprofesa uthi ukuphathwa kabi etilongweni kwakushukunyiswa yingxenye ebalulekile yokulinda kwabagcini kanye neziboshwa. Abafundi babehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili - iziboshwa, abalindi. Ekuqaleni kokuhlolwa, iziboshwa zangena "ejele" ngaphandle kwempahla yomuntu, zahamba ze. Bathola ifomu elikhethekile, ukulala. Abaqaphi baqala ukubonisa ukuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa emahoreni ambalwa emva kokuqala kohlolo. Ngemva kwesonto, abanye baqala ukubonisa ukuthambekela kokudabuka kweziboshwa. Abadlali abadlala indima "iziboshwa" baphukile ngokokuziphatha nangokomzimba. Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi umuntu uthatha indima ehlukile, isibonelo sokuziphatha emphakathini. Kuze kube sekuqale ukuhlolwa, akekho kulabo ababengaba "ukuvikelwa", akazange abonise ukuthambekela okudabukisayo.
25. Ukuhlolwa "Okulahlekile Emakethe".
Umfundi we-Gene Koan no-psychological Elizabeth Loftus wabonisa ubuchwepheshe bokumiswa kwememori, ngokusekelwe ekutheni izinkumbulo ezingamanga zingadalwa ngesisekelo sokusikisela kokuhlola. Wathatha umfundi njengesihloko sokuhlolwa emndenini wakhe, wanikeza izinkumbulo ezingamanga kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe ngokuthi balahlekelwe kanjani endaweni yokuthenga. Izindaba zazihlukile. Ngemva kwesikhashana, umuntu odelelekile watshela umfowabo indaba yakhe yamanga, futhi umfowabo wenza ngisho nokucaciswa kulo lonke indaba. Ekugcineni yena wayengakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi imemori engamanga, nokuthi kuphi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuba nzima ukuba umuntu akwazi ukuhlukanisa izinkumbulo eziqanjiwe ezivela eqinisweni.
26. Zama ukungabi namandla.
UMartin Seligman wenza ngo-1965 uchungechunge lwezifundo ngokuqiniswa okungalungile. Ekulweni kwakhe, izinja zahlanganyela: ngemuva kwebhelo, esikhundleni sokudla bathola ukukhishwa okuncane kagesi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bahlala bengenalutho kwi-harness. Kamuva, izinja zafakwa epeni ngecingo. Abanye bathi ngemuva kokushaya kwabo bayodlula phezu kwalo, kodwa lokhu akukwenzekanga. Izinja ezingazange zidlule ukuhlolwa, ngemuva kocingo kanye nokuzama ukuzishaqisa ugesi, ngokushesha zabalekela. Lokhu kwafakazela ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho okubi esikhathini esidlule kwenza umuntu engabi namandla, akazami ukuphuma kule nkinga.
27. Ukuhlolwa okuncane kuka-Albert.
Namuhla, ukuhlolwa kubhekwa ukuthi akuphumelelanga, kungabi namasiko. Yenziwa ngo-1920 nguJohn Watson noRosalie Reiner eYohns Hopkins University. Umntwana oneminyaka engu-1 ubudala u-Albert wabekwa ematithini phakathi kwekamelo kanye nesilwane esimhlophe. Ngemva kwalokho, kwakunezandi eziningana ezizwakalayo ezine-periodicity encane, lapho ingane isabela ngokukhala. Ngemuva kwalokho, u-rat kuphela uboniswe kuye, wabheka njengomthombo wokucasula, ohlangene nomsindo. Esikhathini esizayo, ukusabela okunjalo kwakuyizo zonke amathoyizi amancane amancane athambile. Konke okwakubonakala kufana naye, kwaqala ukucasula. Ukuhlolwa akukwenziwe namhlanje ngenxa yokuthi ayihambisani nomthetho, inezikhathi eziningi ezingekho emthethweni.
28. Ukuhlolwa kwePavlov yenja.
UPavlov wenza ucwaningo oluningi, lapho athola khona ukuthi ezinye izinto ezingezona ezihlobene nezingqondo zingenza umbukiso wakhe ubonakale. Lokhu kwasungulwa lapho ehala insimbi futhi wanikeza inja ukudla. Ngemva kwesikhashana, nje lokhu kuhlaselwa okuzwakalayo okucasulayo. Lokhu kuboniswe ukuthi umuntu ufunda ukuxhuma ukuvuselela ekucabangeni, kucatshangelwa isimo esibucayi.