Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi izingane zihamba ngesiteji esithi "kungani", uma zinesithakazelo kuzo zonke izinto emhlabeni. Eminye imibuzo ye-genius encane ayihlosi abazali kuphela kodwa futhi ososayensi abaye bazama iminyaka ukukhipha imvelaphi yezinto ezivamile.
Abazali kuphela, kodwa futhi ososayensi banesifiso sezingane ezifuna ukuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo ehlukene. Ngokuvamile ngisho ne-banal "kungani" kubangele ukuthi i-stupor, ngoba izihloko eziningi zisacwaningwa ngongcweti. Ukunakwa kwakho - ukulinganisa kwezinkinga zezingane ezithandwa kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukuphendula ngokuqondile okwamanje.
1. Kungani abantu bemomotheka?
Izazi zengqondo zikholelwa ukuthi abantu bangasebenzisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-15 zokumomotheka, isibonelo, ezijabulisayo, ezimbi, ezikhohlisa nabanye. Ngisho namantombazane amomotheka ukuze aveze imizwelo eminingi, ngakho-ke ayisebenzisa ukukhombisa ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuveza amazinyo, noma ukulalela. Umuntu uqala ukumomotheka ngisho nasesibelethweni sikamama, futhi lokhu kumomotheka kuyinkinga. Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi ukumomotheka kwezingane kungenye yezindlela zokuqala zokuxhaphaza, njengoba benza abazali babo behlekisayo ngokuphendula.
2. Kungani abantu beya?
Phakathi kwezingqinamba eziningi eziphendula lo mbuzo, inguqulo eqinisiwe kakhulu kubonakala sengathi ngosizo lwe-yawning eyodwa kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka ebuchosheni futhi kuthuthukise umsebenzi wayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukugujwa okuvamile ngaphambi kokulala, lapho ukusebenza kwengqondo kunciphisa, noma uma ungalali ngokwanele. Ngokuqondene nokutheleleka kwe-yawning, kukholelwa ukuthi umkhuba onjalo wenziwa kubantu ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, lapho umholi ekhishwa ukukhombisa wonke umuntu ukuthi akuyona indlela enhle kakhulu futhi amanye amalungu ephakethe amsekela, ngaleyo ndlela akhulisa ukuqapha ngokubambisana. Kukhona enye inguqulo evezayo yinto ehlanganisayo eyenza abantu bazwelana.
3. Kungani umuntu "ewa" ephusheni?
Abantu abaningi bazizwa baze bavuke emva kokuwa okungaqondakali ephusheni, hhayi ukuqonda okwenzeka ngempela. Umzwelo onjalo emibuthanweni yesayensi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-hypnotic jerk", futhi ukubukeka kwayo kuchazwa ngokuzibopha komzimba. Isizathu sokubangela lokho, ososayensi bachaza ngezindlela ezahlukene. Isibonelo, kunesiphakamiso sokuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuzikhumbuza kwe-primate: lapho belala emagatsheni, ama-jerks omzimba angase abe nomuzwa wokusekelwa. Ngokwezinye izinguqulo, i- "jerk hypnotic" iyinhlobo yokushintsha kusuka esimweni esisebenzayo sokulala. Ngesikhathi "ukuwa" kukhona ukuphikisana kwezinhlelo ezimbili zobuchopho, futhi ukuqubuzana ukushaywa kwamandla.
4. Zonke izinto emhlabeni zazivelaphi?
Ososayensi baye benza ucwaningo isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka futhi baphetha ngokuthi cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo ziqukethe amaprotheni nucleic acids. Ngenxa yokutholakala kwekhodi yezakhi zofuzo, kwakungenzeka ukunciphisa konke kunokhokho oyedwa wokugcina ovamile (isiNgisi sokugcina ukhokho ovamile-jikelele we-LUCA). Kwakubukeka sengathi i-cage futhi eminyakeni engaba ngu-2.9 billion edlule yanikeza amagatsha amabili yentuthuko: ama-eukaryotes nama-bacterium.
5. Kungani umuntu onamehlo avaliwe ahambahamba emibuthanweni?
Amafilimu avame ukukhombisa ukuthi umuntu olahlekile uqala ukuhamba kanjani kumbuthano, futhi lokhu akuyona into, kodwa iqiniso langempela. Lokhu kwenzeka uma umuntu evala amehlo akhe, ngakho-ke, okokuqala uzoyeka kancane, bese eqala ukuhamba embuthanweni. Ukungabaza? Bese uqhuba ukuhlolwa, kuphela kanye nomsizi, ozolawula konke. Ososayensi baphenye ngalesi simo futhi banquma ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngoba akukho ndawo ephawulekayo emkhathini. Ekugcineni, ngokuthembela kuphela emizweni yabo, umuntu uqala ukuhamba endleleni eqondile. Kukhona enye inkolelo yokuthi konke okusemandleni ku-asymmetry yomzimba.
6. Inkumbulo isebenza kanjani?
Sekuyisikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi inkumbulo yabantu ihlanganiswe ku-hippocampus (ingxenye yobuchopho) noma ihlakazekile eqenjini lama-neurons. Muva nje, ososayensi baye bafunda ukulawula inkumbulo yamagundane, banomthelela kwezinye izixhumanisi ze-neural. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi uma izinkumbulo zivela, amangqamuzana abuchopho afanayo abandakanyeka emisebenzini, asebenzayo lapho kutholakala isipiliyoni, okungukuthi, inkumbulo ingagcini nje ukuqoqa okuvelayo, kodwa futhi "iyabakhumbula". Ngesikhathi ososayensi bengenakukwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ukuthi ubuchopho bunquma kanjani uxhumano lobuchopho okufanele lusetshenziswe, kodwa intuthuko isivele ibonakala.
7. Iyiphi yobudala bomuntu?
Emazweni ahlukene kunama-long-livers-abantu, abaneminyaka yobudala engama-90 nangaphezulu. Ososayensi benze ucwaningo oluningi ukuze banqume ukuthi yini enquma ubudala bomuntu. Okokuqala kwaphetha ngokuthi abesifazane baphila isikhathi eside kunamadoda. Kuze kube ngu-2017, bekukholelwa ukuthi umuntu odala kunazo zonke emhlabeni, wayengumfazi ongumFulentshi uZhanna Kalman, owashona ngemuva kokuguquka kuka-122, kodwa umphumela wakhe udlulile. E-Indonesia, indoda yahlala iminyaka engu-146. Ososayensi abakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi kungakanani iminyaka umuntu angaphila ngayo.
8. Izilwane zingakwazi ukubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba?
Ubufakazi bokuthi ngaphambi kokuba izilwane zihlasele ngokungaqondakali, ziyaziwa ngisho naseGrisi lasendulo, kodwa akukho lwazi ukuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okubhekwa kungalindelekile nokuthi yini okumele iqondwe ngokubikezela. Iqiniso liwukuthi izilwane zizizwa zishintsha ezimweni zemvelo, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izilwane ezisabelayo ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuze ufunde lokhu, izifundo zenziwe, kodwa imiphumela iyaphikisana, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezikwazi ukubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba.
9. Kungani izinhlamvu zifakwa ezinhlamvu zamagama kule ndlela?
Ngisho nezikole ziyazi ukuthi ama-alfabhethi ayehlanganiswa ngabafowethu uCyril noMethodius, abazimisele ukuhumusha amaSlav iBhayibheli. Bafunda imisindo eyayisetshenziswa ekukhulumisaneni futhi beza ne-alphabetic yabo. Ukuhlelwa kwamalungiselelo ezincwadi ezintsha kufana nesimiso seGrikhi. Okwenza abazalwane banqume ukwenza kanjalo akuyazi. Mhlawumbe kungenxa yobuvila nokungafuni ukuza nokulandelana okunye, noma mhlawumbe abafuni ukuphula umthetho welimi lweBhayibheli.
10. Kungani ihamba ngebhayisikili futhi ingawa?
Ngaphambilini, amagama amabili womzimba asetshenziselwa ukuphendula lo mbuzo: umphumela we-gyroscopic (uchaza ikhono lomzimba ojikelezayo ngokushesha ukubamba isikhundla sakhe) nomphumela we-castor (ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo ngokusekelwe amandla we-centrifugal). Lezi zinsolo ziphikisiwe yinjiniyela waseMelika ngonyaka ka-2011, njengoba wakha imodeli engavamile yokuhamba ngebhayisikili engayisebenzisi lemiphumela yomzimba. Ucwaningo kule ndawo luqhubeka, njengoba isizathu sokuthi idivayisi igibele futhi igcine ibhalansi, ayitholakalanga.
11. Kungani abantu banezinhlobo ezahlukene zegazi?
Ngo-1900, isazi sesayensi saseVienna uKarl Landsteiner sinqume ukuthi abantu banezibalo ezihlukene zegazi, emva kokuhlaziya ukuthi yikuphi, wahlukanisa amaqembu amane egazi. Ngenxa yalokhu, umnikelo waqala ukusabalalisa, njengoba odokotela bakwazi ukugxila ekuhlanganiseni okukhulu kwe-antigens. Akukho ukuvumelanisa ukuthi kungani abantu benemihlobo ehlukene yegazi, ososayensi abanakho, kodwa kukhona isiphakamiso sokuthi abantu bokuqala babengenawo ama-antigens, futhi igazi laliyiqembu elilodwa kuphela. Isimo sishintshile ngenxa yethonya lesimo sezulu, ukudla nezinye izici.
12. Kungani iqhwa lishaya?
Ngesikhathi sasebusika, abantu abaningi bawela eqhweni elithambileyo, bathola ukulimala okukhulu, futhi isizathu sokuthi lesi slip sinqunywe - ubukhona obusweni obuncane bamanzi, kodwa yingakho lufake - alucacile. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokunciphisa izinga lokushisa lokuqhakaziza kweqhwa ngenxa yenkinga ekhuphuka. Kukhona ingqikithi iqhwa elithinta hhayi ngenxa yomshoshaphansi, kodwa enye inqubo yomzimba - ukuqubuzana. Ababambezeli baqiniseka ngokunye, ngakho-ke, bakholelwa ukuthi iqhwa lihlale likhona ungqimba lwamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lithintekayo noma cha.