Yini engcono - ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba noma ukuhlala ngentando yeningi bese uzama ukuqonda nokwamukela umbono womunye umuntu? Ngamunye wethu ukhetha owakhe, yini eseduze. Kunezikhala eziningi ezahlukene eziveza isimo somuntu. Iyini i-nihilism, futhi yiziphi izimiso zokuthi u-ishilo - sikhuthaza ukuthi siyiqonde.
I-Nihilism - iyini?
Zonke izichazamazwi zithi ukuthi i-nihilism yinto yokubuka umhlaba eyenza ukungabaza kwimigomo evunyelwe ngokuvamile, izimiso zokuziphatha nezindinganiso. Umuntu angathola incazelo yokunganaki, ukungahloniphi okuphelele kwezenhlalakahle nezokuziphatha nokucabanga kwengqondo. Kuyacaca ukuthi incazelo yale nkulumo kanye nokubonakaliswa kwayo ngezikhathi ezehlukene yayihlukile futhi ixhomeke esikhathini senkambiso namasiko.
Kubalulekile ukukhuluma nge-nihilism nemiphumela yayo. Ezweni lanamuhla, kuvame ukuzwa izingxoxo mayelana nokuthi inkambo enikeziwe iyisifo noma, ngokuphambene, imithi yokugula. Ifilosofi yabasekeli balo mkhuba iphika izindinganiso ezinjalo:
- izimiso zokuziphatha;
- uthando;
- imvelo;
- ubuciko.
Kodwa-ke, ukuziphatha komuntu kusekelwe kulezi zindlela eziyisisekelo. Wonke umuntu kufanele aqonde ukuthi emhlabeni kukhona izindinganiso, ukunganaki okungenakwenzeka. Phakathi kwabo - uthando lokuphila, kubantu, isifiso sokujabula nokujabulela ubuhle. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imiphumela yokuphika okunjalo ingase ibe yinto engalungile kwabasekeli balesi siqondiso. Njengokuzikhethela, emva kwesikhathi umuntu uyaqaphela ukungalungi kwezahlulelo zakhe futhi wenqaba ukwamukela i-nihilism.
Ubani um-nihilist?
Ngaphansi kwe-nihilism baqonde isimo esibalulekile sokuphika. I-nihilist ngumuntu ophika izinkambiso nemagugu ezamukelwa emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanjalo ababoni ukuthi kuyadingeka ukukhothamela noma yikuphi igunya kanye nalokho okukholelwa kubo ngokujwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubo, ngisho negunya lomthombo awunandaba. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lo mqondo wabonakala kuqala eNkathini Ephakathi, lapho kwakukhona ukuphika khona nokuba nokholo kuKristu. Ngemva kwesikhashana, kuvele izinhlobo ezintsha ze-nihilism.
I-Nihilism - inzuzo nokuqhafaza
Umqondo we-nihilism njengokuphikisana nesimanjemanje kubonisa isimo sengqondo esibi sendaba ethize kumagugu athile, imibono, imigomo, imigomo. Kuyindlela yokuzwa umhlaba kanye nokuziphatha okuthile komphakathi. Njengendlela yokucabanga komphakathi, i-nihilism yavela esikhathini esidlule, kodwa yazuza ukuthandwa kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseRussia. Wabe esehlanganiswa namagama kaJacob, Proudhon, Nietzsche, Stirner, Bakunin, Kropotkin. Lo mbono unezinzuzo nezingozi. Phakathi kwezinzuzo ze-nihilism:
- Ikhono lomuntu lokukhombisa ukuthi uyedwa .
- Ikhono lomuntu ukuzibiza ngokwakhe, ukuvikela umbono wakhe.
- Ukusesha kanye nethuba lokutholakala okusha.
Nokho, kunezitha eziningi ze-nihilism. Babiza iziphambeko ezilandelayo:
- Ukuhlukanisa ngezigwebo, ukuletha umonakalo ku-nihilist ngokwakhe.
- Ayikwazi ukuhamba ngaphezu kwemibono yakho.
- Ukungaqondi abanye.
Izinhlobo ze-Nihilism
Umqondo onjengokuthi u-nihilism emphakathini wanamuhla uhlukaniswe yizinhlobo eziningi, okuyinhloko yizo:
- I-Mereologichesky iyindawo ecacile yefilosofi, eqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziqukethe izingxenye azikho.
- I-Metaphysical - inkolelo yefilosofi, ethi ukukhona kwezinto empeleni akuyona impoqo.
- Epistemological - ukuphika ulwazi.
- Ukuziphatha kungumqondo we-metethikethi ukuthi akukho okungaba nokuziphatha okubi noma ukuziphatha.
- Ukuphika ngokomthetho noma okungahambisani nemisebenzi yomuntu ngamunye kanye nemithetho nemigomo esungulwe nguhulumeni.
- Ukwenqaba inkolo futhi ngisho nangezinye izikhathi ukuvukela inkolo.
- Ukuma komhlaba - ukuphika, ukungaboni kahle, ukusebenzisa kabi izikhombisi-ndlela.
I-legal nihilism
Nge-nihilism yezomthetho kuqondwa ukuthi ukuphika umthetho njengenhlobo yesikhungo sezenhlalakahle, kanye nesimiso semithetho yokuziphatha elawula ngokuphumelelayo ubuhlobo babantu. Le nhlangano yezomthetho iqukethe ukuphika imithetho, okuholela ezenzweni ezingekho emthethweni, ukuphikisana nokuvimbela uhlelo lwezomthetho. Izimbangela ze-nihilism zomthetho kungaba:
- Imithetho ayihlangabezani nezithakazelo zezakhamizi.
- Izimpande zomlando.
- Imiqondo ehlukile yesayensi.
Ukuhleka kokuziphatha
Izincwadi zesayensi zisho ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokuthi yi-nihilism nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zazo. I-Islamic moral is the meta-position, ngokusho ukuthi yikuphi okungahle kube ukuziphatha okubi noma ukuziphatha. Umsekeli walolu hlobo lwe-nihilism uthatha ukuthi ukubulala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimbangela nezimo, akunakubizwa ngokuthi yizenzo ezinhle noma ezimbi. Ukuziphendulela kwezenzo zokuziphatha kuyisondelene nokuziphendulela kokuziphatha, ukuqaphela ukushiwo okushiwo ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuyiqiniso kanye neqiniso ngamanga, kepha akuvumeli iqiniso labo eliyiqiniso.
I-nihilism yentsha
Yaziwa ngomqondo we-nihilism nesizukulwane esincane. Ngokuvamile ebusheni, izingane zifuna ukuziqonda kangcono futhi zikhethe indlela yazo yokuphila . Noma kunjalo, akuyona into engavamile ukuba intsha iphike okuningi. Lokhu kubizwa kuthiwa yi-nihilism yentsha. Ukuzijabulisa kwentsha, njenge-maximalism yentsha, inamandla futhi ngezinye izikhathi futhi ihambisane nemizwelo ecacile ukunganaki okuthile. Loluhlobo lwe-nihilism lungabonakali kubantu abasha nabafana kuphela, kodwa nakubantu abanomzwelo oneminyaka ehlukene futhi abonakale ezinhlokweni ezahlukene:
- inkolo;
- emasiko;
- empilweni yomphakathi;
- ngolwazi;
- emalungelweni.
I-Nihilism Engokwemvelo
Enye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomqondo onjalo njenge-nihilism esikhathini sethu yi-Molecular one. Ngaphansi kwalo kwamukelwa ukuqonda indawo ethile yefilosofi ngokusho ukuthi izinto ezibandakanya izingxenye azikho, kodwa kunezinto eziyisisekelo kuphela ezingahlanganisi izingxenye. Isibonelo ihlathi. I-nihilist uqinisekile ukuthi empeleni akayikho into ehlukile. Kuyinto isethi yezitshalo endaweni esivinjelwe. Umqondo we "hlathini" wadalwa ukuze kube lula ukucabanga nokuxhumana.
Geographic Nihilism
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-nihilism. Phakathi kwabo - indawo. Kuqukethe ukuphika nokungaqondi kahle ukusetshenziswa okungahambisani nalokhu:
- izikhombisi-geographical;
- izimpawu zomhlaba zezingxenye zomhlaba;
- ukufaka endaweni yezikhombisi-geographical;
- izingxenye zomhlaba ngezimfundiso zobuciko.
Loluhlobo lwe-nihilism luwumqondo omusha. Ngokuvamile kubizwa okungalungile, bethi uma uphika izindinganiso ezimweni zemvelo futhi uzama ukuqeda umphakathi wesintu ezweni elibonakalayo, ungangena emqondweni. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kungalungile ukuthi uma ungayinaki imvelo yemvelo, lokhu kungaholela ekunciphisweni kwezimo. Njengoba banikezwe ithonya labo, umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi ezinyathelweni ezihlukene zalo, ukuhlanganiswa okufanayo kwezimo zemvelo kungaba nezincazelo ezahlukene futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kunakwahluke ngokuhlukile.
I-epistemological nihilism
Nge-epistemological nihilism kuqondwa uhlobo oluhle lokungabaza, oluqinisekisa ukungabaza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthola ulwazi. Kwavela njengendlela yokusabela enjongweni ekahle nendawo yonke yokucabanga kweGreki lasendulo. Ama-sophist ayengowokuqala ukusekela ukungabaza. Ngemva kwesikhashana, isikole samphikisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakala ukuqonda kahle. Ngisho nalapho, inkinga ye-nihilism, ehlanganisa ukunganaki kwabaxhasi bayo ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo, kwacaca.
I-nihilism yenkambiso
I-nihilism yakamuva yamuva yinto yamasiko. Kubonakala ekunqatsheni imikhuba yamasiko kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi. Emuva emashumini ayisithupha, kwavela inhlangano enamandla ye-counterculture eNtshonalanga. Kwabe sekuthembela emibonweni kaRousseau, uNietzsche noFreud. I-Counterculture yaphika ngokuphelele yonke impucuko yaseNtshonalanga kanye nesiko lesibindi. Ukugxekwa okubukhali kunakho konke okuhlobene nokukhulekela kwabathengi bemikhakha emphakathini kanye namasiko amaningi. Abasekeli balesi siqondiso babenesiqiniseko sokuthi i-vanguard kuphela okufanele igcinwe futhi ithuthukiswe.
I-Islamic yenkolo
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-nihilism yinto yesimanje. Enye yezinhlobo zayo ezidumile kakhulu yi-nihilism yenkolo. Ngalesi sihloko kuyisiko ukuqonda ukuvukela kokuvukela inkolo ngokombono wobuntu obuhle, ukuphika nokuziphatha okungalungile kumagugu angokomoya omphakathi. Ukugxekwa okunjalo kwenkolo kunesimo salo esiqondile, esichazwe ngokomoya, isimo sengqondo sokuziphendulela empilweni ngokwayo. Ngaphandle kokuphoqelela, i-nihilist ingabizwa ngokuthi i-cynic, okungeyona into engcwele. Umuntu onjalo angangcolisa inkolo ngenxa yemigomo yakhe yobugovu.
Ukuzijabulisa komphakathi
Ukuhlalisana kwezenhlalakahle kuwumkhuba obonakalayo ezibonisweni ezihlukahlukene, phakathi kwazo:
- Ukwehluleka kwemikhakha ethile emphakathini ukuthatha inkambo yezinguquko ezikhona.
- Ukuhluleka ukuthola indlela entsha yokuphila namagugu amasha.
- Ukunganeliseki ngezinguquko, izinguquko.
- Imibhikisho yezenhlalakahle ngokumelene nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokushaqeka nokuguqulwa.
- Ukungavumelani ngezinqumo ezahlukene zezombusazwe.
- Ungathandi (ngezinye izikhathi inzondo) maqondana nezikhungo zombuso.
- Ukulahla amaphethini aseNtshonalanga yokuziphatha.