Imvelo icebile futhi ihluke kakhulu, njengoba ibonakala ngokuvakashela izingxenyana ezihlukahlukene zezwe lethu elikhulu noma ukuyala izivakashi kwamanye amazwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukubheka iqembu elikhethekile lezitshalo, elihluke kulezo zitshalo esasizibona njalo nsuku zonke - ama-lichens. Lokhu ngesikhathi esisodwa isitshalo esasakazekile, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameleli bayo abakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-ubiquitous. Ngakho-ke, ake sibone ukuthi i-lichens ikhula kuphi.
Ukhula kuphi i-lichen?
I-Lichens ibizwa ngokuthi yiqembu lezinto eziphilayo, okuyiyona inhlangano ye-fungi ne-algae ehlala njengento eyodwa. Emvelweni, kukhona okungenani izinkulungwane ezingu-26 zezinhlobo zazo, phakathi kwazo okulandelayo okuphawulekayo:
- I-epilithic, ekhulayo ezindaweni zokubeka amatshe;
- i-epigene, indawo yabo - inhlabathi (njenge- Icelandic moss );
- i-epiphytic, ihlanganise izihlahla zomuthi.
I-Lichens ingatholakala yonke indawo ezindaweni zasendle - zikhula kuwo wonke amazwekazi, hhayi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Ngokumangazayo, ngisho nasezindaweni eziyinyumba ze-Arctic, kutholakala lezi zintlobo eziyingqayizivele. Lona indawo lapho i-lichen emnyama ikhula khona. Kukhona amazinga okushisa aphansi, cishe angabi namanzi, kodwa umbala omnyama kangaka unceda umzimba ukuba uthathe imisebe yelanga ekhishwe ngamanani aphansi. I-lichen ebomvu ithatha amanzi eqhweni elithambile elangeni. Sekuyisikhathi eside ama-lichen ehlala engumfihlakalo kunososayensi. Eqinisweni, kuze kube manje ezweni lezesayensi akukho mbono oyedwa wokuthi kukhona i-lichen - ummeli wombuso wamakhowe noma umbuso wezitshalo.
Indawo yokukhula, lapho kukhula khona ama-lichens ama-bushy, okokuqala, amatshe angenawo, izihlahla nomhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lichen uzizwa kahle ezimweni ezinzima eNyakatho, e-taiga, ezintabeni eziphakeme nasezindaweni ezishisayo zamazwe ashisayo. Ukuba isiko elingenakuzithoba, i-lichen ihlala phezulu ezintabeni nakwamanye amazwe ampofu. Kulokhu, ama-lichens, ekugcineni abhubhisa inhlabathi engenamhlabathi, ngokufa kwesimo se-humus esilandela kamuva ezinye izitshalo. Ngendlela, ama-lichen akhule kancane kakhulu, isibonelo, ukukhula kwe-yagel kungama 2-3 mm kuphela ngonyaka.
Kulesi simo, indawo yama-lichen ayinakubizwa ngokuthi yizindawo ezinabantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi embonini ethuthukile. Izizathu zokuthi kungani ama-lichen engakhuli emadolobheni ayaqondakala. Umoya emadolobheni ungcolile, ukuthi ilanga yisimo esingamukeleki. Iqiniso liwukuthi, abamele abaningi bama-lichens izimo ezibalulekile zokuqukethwe okwenyuka oksijini emoyeni. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi indawo yasemadolobheni ayitholi ama-lichen nhlobo. Azikhuli ezindaweni ezizimboni, kanti emaphethelweni umuntu angathola izihlahla zomuthi ezimbozwe izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo lwezinto eziphilayo.
Yiziphi izitshalo ezikhula eRussia?
Izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zama-lichen zikhula ensimini enkulu ye-Russian Federation. Emahlathini ase-spruce, kungenzeka ukuthola izigqoko ezimpunga zendoda enesibindi ehlela egatsheni. Lapho uvakashela ihlathi le-pine, kuyinto engavamile ukuthola wonke amakholomu ngesimo se-crisp ngaphansi kwezinyawo zamathebhulethi aphethwe ngamaphethini
Ngezinye izikhathi ematje cishe cishe kunoma yisiphi isifunda sezwe ungathola isikhunta esinamaqhwa. Yakhiwa yi-lichens okuthiwa i-scale lichens.
Emvelweni, futhi kukhona ama-lichens amaqabunga (isibonelo, udonga lwe-xanthra), ekwakheni iphethini elinqabileyo lamapuleti. Amboza amatshe kuphela, kodwa futhi izihlahla zomuthi, amagatsha.