Amathempeli ase-Indonesia

I-Indonesia - isifundazwe esikhulu kunazo zonke esiqhingini, ogama layo ligezwa ngamanzi amaLwandle aseNdiya nasePacific. Lapha, izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemvelo kanye nesiko elicebile, namathempeli ahlukile e-Indonesia - lesi esinye isizathu sokuza kuleli zwe.

Kunezakhiwo eziningi zenkolo e-Indonesia: amathempeli, ama-stupas, amasonto, ama-chapel kanye nezinkampani zonke zenkolo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona kokubili amathempeli wamanje futhi avaliwe futhi avikelwe, okuyinto namuhla hhayi kuphela zenkolo kodwa futhi isakhiwo sezomlando nezakhiwo zomlando. Ngokwamabandla, amathempeli ase-Indonesia yiKatolika, amaBuddha namaHindu.

IziKatolika zamaKatolika zase-Indonesia

AmaKatolika e-Indonesia avela maduzane. Cishe eminyakeni eyi-100-150 eyedlule, izifiki zaseYurophu zaqala ukuthenga umhlaba futhi zakha izikole zamaKatolika, amasonto kanye namasonto. Kuyafaneleka ukugqamisa amasonto alandelayo amaKatolika e-Indonesia:

1. I-St. Peter's Cathedral e-Bandung , i-cathedral ye-diocese yaseBandung. Ithempeli limi phezu kwesisekelo sesakhiwo esidala saseSt. Francis. I-cathedral yakhiwa ngokusho komsebenzi womakhi ovela eHolland Charles Wolff Shemaker. Ukunikezelwa kwesakhiwo esisha kwenzeka ngoFebhuwari 19, 1922.
2. I-Cathedral ye-Virgin Mary Ebusisiwe edolobheni laseBogor , i-cathedral ye-diocese, ibhekwa njengethempeli elikhulu kunazo zonke esiqhingini saseJava. Umsunguli we-cathedral wayengumbhishobhi waseNetherlands, u-Adam Carolus Klassens. Isakhiwo sesakhiwo sihlotshiswe ngesithombe sikaMadonna neNyana.
3. Cathedral of the Virgin Mary edolobheni laseSemarang , i-cathedral yaseDeorgia yeSemarang. Ihlanganisiwe ohlwini lwamanani amasiko ajwayelekile e-Indonesia. Ithempeli lakhiwa endaweni yesonto elidala laseParish ngo-1935.

Amathempeli amaHindu e-Indonesia

Njengakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni, amathempeli amaHindu eziqhingini zase-Indonesia amangaze ngobuhle bawo obungavamile futhi obuhle. Izinto ezilandelayo zobuciko bamaHindu zithandwa ikakhulukazi ngabahambi nabakhenkethi:

1. I-Garuda Vishnu Kenchana iyindawo epaki yangasese ye-Bukit Peninsula, ekhombisa isithombe esikhulu kunazo zonke u-Vishnu emhlabeni - 146 m. ​​Ukwakhiwa kwemifanekiso akukafiki ngokugcwele, kodwa kakade kudonsela amakholwa amaningi. Epaki, ikhanda elibekwa eceleni, izandla nesithombe sikaVishnu ngokulindela umhlangano.
2. I-Gedong Songo - isakhiwo esikhulu sethempeli, esiseduze nesiqhingi saseJava . Le nkimbinkimbi ihlanganisa amathempeli ama-5. Yakhelwe emakhulwini e-VIII-IX BC. ngesikhathi sombuso kaMataram. Zonke amathempeli zazakhiwa ngetshe le-volcanic futhi yizona zakhiwo zakudala zamaHindu esiqhingini saseJava. Inombolo yesethempelini yesi-3 eyinkimbinkimbi ihlotshiswe ngezibalo zabagcini.
3. UChandi - okuthiwa wonke amathempeli okuqala eHinduism naseBuddhism, eyakhiwe e-Indonesia ephakathi. I-Archaeologists iphawula inhlanganisela ethile yokwakhiwa kwemigodi yokwakhiwa kwamaNdiya aphakathi nendawo nezakhi zamasiko amaningi asendulo. Zonke izakhiwo zinezakhiwo ezinamacengezi, ezikwele noma eziphambene nesisekelo esiphakeme kanye nesimbozo esinezimboni eziningi. Isibonelo esithinta kakhulu yizindawo ezingcwele zikaDieng noBorobudur . Isakhiwo ngasinye kwakuyisethempelini kanye nendawo yokungcwaba ababusi basendulo.
4. I-Prambanan iyinkimbinkimbi enkulu yamathempeli kaCandi, kusukela esikhathini sokuqala. I-Prabmanan itholakala enhliziyweni yesiqhingi saseJava. Kungenzeka ukuthi yakhiwa ngekhulu le-10 ngesikhathi seMataram. Kusukela ngo-1991 kuyisakhiwo sefa lezwe le-UNESCO. Ngokusho komlando, yonke into eyinkimbinkimbi yamathempeli yakhiwa ngenxa yothando olungathandwayo njengethempeli elinamasithombe angu-1000.
5. Besakih - isakhiwo sethempelini lezinkolo, esisezingeni eliphezulu elingama-1 km ngaphezu kolwandle phakathi kwamafu. Iminyaka yethempeli ingaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu, le nkimbinkimbi ihlanganisa amathempeli angaphezu kuka-20 ngamagama nezinhloso ngamanye. Insimu yenkimbinkimbi ihlotshiswe nenani elikhulu lezithombe ezibonisa amademoni nezithixo. Ithempeli liyasebenza, amaHindu kuphela angangena.

Ama-Buddhist Temples of Indonesia

Amathempeli angaqondakali kanye nezakhiwo zaseBuddha zasendulo yizona zakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu ensimini ye-Indonesia. Okuthandwa kakhulu ososayensi kanye nezivakashi:

1. I-Borobudur iyi-stupa enkulu yamaBuddha futhi ithempeli elikhulu lama-Mahayana Buddhism. Eyakhiwe esiqhingini saseJava phakathi kuka-750 no-850, i-stupa yaseBorobudur iyindawo yokuhamba ngezinyawo. Unama-8 amathathu. Phezulu kunama-stupas amancane angu-72 ngesimo sensimbi, ngaphakathi kukhona izithombe ezingu-504 zeBuddha nezindawo ezingu-1460 zenkolo ezisekelwe phansi. Ithempeli latholakala ehlathini ngaphansi kwezingxenye zomlotha wokushisa komlilo ngo-1814. Kuleli fomu, wema iminyaka engaba ngu-800.
2. Ithempeli lasendulo lakwaMuaro Jambi liseqhingini laseSumatra . Kungenzeka ukuthi yakhiwa nge-XI-XIII leminyaka AD. Liyindawo yokucwaningwa kwemfuyo emikhulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi lena yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezakhiweni zethempeli lasendulo leBuddhist lasendulo eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Iningi lithempeli lisalokhu lihlathini elimnyama. Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sakhiwe ngezitini ezibomvu, ezihlotshwe ngemifanekiso nemidwebo.
3. Ithempeli laseBuddhist i-Muara Takus ingenye yamathempeli asezindaweni ezikhulu kunazo zonke futhi ezigcinwe kakhulu esiqhingini saseSumatra. Liyisikhumbuzo sesizwe kanye nesikhungo semichibi enkulu kusukela ngo-1860. Ingqikithi yonke ibhajwe ngodonga lwamatshe ngamalokhi. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga zethempeli kunezinhlelo ezine zeBuddhist. Zonke izakhiwo zakhiwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili zokwakha: itshe elibomvu nelesihlabathi.
4. I-Brahmavihara Arama yithempeli elikhulu kunazo zonke eBuddhist esiqhingini saseBali . Isebenza, yakhiwe ngo-1969. Isakhiwo sihlotshiswe ngokuvumelana nazo zonke izinkolelo zeBuddhism: umhlobiso ongeyinkimbinkimbi wangaphakathi, izimbali eziningi kanye nemvelo, izifanekiso zegolide zaseBuddha, ophahleni lwe-orange.