Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka okhokho bethu babengakwazi ukubikezela ukuthi ingane yabo ingaba njani. Siphila nawe ngesikhathi lapho, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, akusilo nzima ukwazi kusengaphambili ubulili, umbala wezinwele namehlo, ukugujwa kwezifo nezinye izici zezingane ezizayo. Kwaba khona futhi ukwazi uhlobo lwegazi lomntwana.
Ngo-1901, udokotela wase-Austria, isazi samakhemikhali, isazi sokuzivikela komzimba, isazi sesifo esithathelwanayo uKarl Landsteiner (1868-1943) safakazela ukuthi kunezigaba ezine zegazi. Ukufunda isakhiwo se-erythrocytes, wathola izinto ezikhethekile ze-antigen (izigaba), ezahlukanisa i-A ne-B. Kwatholakala ukuthi egazini labantu abahlukene lezi zinhlobo zitholakala emincintiswaneni ehlukene: umuntu oyedwa unama-antigen kuphela esigabeni A, enye inamabhilidi kuphela , okwesithathu - izigaba zombili, okwesine - azikho neze (amangqamuzana egazi abomvu alawo ososayensi begazi abhekwa njenge-0). Ngakho, amaqembu amane egazi ahlulwa, futhi uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwegazi lubizwa ngokuthi i-AB0 (funda "a-be-nol"):
- I (0) - ngaphandle kwama-antigens A no-B;
- II (A) - ama-antigens A;
- III (AB) - ama-antigens B;
- IV (AB) - ama-antigens A no-B.
Lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku, futhi ukutholakala koososayensi ngokuhambisana kwamaqembu egazi (ngehlanganisela ethize yamaseli abomvu aphethe "i-gluing" yamangqamuzana egazi abomvu nokuvinjelwa kwegazi okusheshayo, futhi kwabanye - cha) bavunyelwe ukwenza inqubo ephephile, njengokungeniswa kwegazi.
Ngingazi kanjani uhlobo lwegazi lomntwana?
Ososayensi bezakhi zofuzo baye basungula ukuthi iqembu legazi nezinye izici zizuzwa njengezimiso ezifanayo - imithetho kaMendel (ebizwa nge-botanist yase-Austria uGregor Mendel (1822-1884), ophakathi kwe-XIX eyakha imithetho yefa). Ngenxa yalezi zinto ezitholakalayo, kwaba khona ukubala ukuthi yiliphi iqembu legazi ingane eyayizuza njengefa. Ngokusho komthetho kaMendel, zonke izinhlobo ezingafani zefa leqembu legazi ngumntwana zingenziwa ngesimo setafula:
Kusuka etafuleni ngenhla kucacile ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ngokunemba okuphelele, iqembu lakhe igazi elingela ifa. Kodwa-ke, singakhuluma ngokuzethemba ukuthi yikuphi amaqembu egazi ingane engeke ibe nomama nobaba abathile. Ngaphandle kwemithetho yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iBombay phenomenon". Okungavamile kakhulu (ikakhulukazi kumaNdiya) kukhona into lapho umuntu ezakhiweni zegciwane anezinhlobo ze-antigens A no-B, kodwa yena ngokwakhe akanalo igazi egazini lakhe. Kulesi simo, akunakwenzeka ukucacisa iqembu legazi lomntwana ongakazalwa.
Iqembu legazi ne-Rh isici somama nengane
Uma ingane yakho inikezwa ukuhlolwa kweqembu legazi, umphumela ubhalwe ngokuthi "I (0) Rh-", noma "III (B) Rh" ", lapho iR Rh iyingxenye ye-Rh.
I-Rh factor i-lipoprotein, ekhona amangqamuzana egazi abomvu ku-85% wabantu (babhekwa njenge-Rh positive). Ngakho-ke, abantu abangu-15% banegazi lika-R. I-Rh factor izuze njengefa ngokwemithetho efanayo kaMendel. Ukwazi, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi ingane enegazi elingenayo i-Rh ingabonakala kalula kubazali be-Rh.
Kuyingozi ingane ukuthi into efana ne-Rh-ingxabano. Kungenzeka uma, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, ama-Rh-positive amangqamuzana egazi obomvu angama-fetus angena emzimbeni womama we-Rh-negative. Umzimba womama uqala ukukhiqiza ama-antibodies, okuthi, ukungena egazini lomntwana, kubangelwa izifo ze-hemolytic ze-fetus. Abesifazane abakhulelwe abanamagciwane egazini abo bayiswa esibhedlela kuze kube sekuzalweni.
Amaqembu wegazi labesifazane nabantwana ayengavamile, kodwa angase ahambisane: ikakhulukazi uma ingane isineqembu le-IV; futhi futhi lapho eqenjini I noma le-III eqenjini naseqenjini lama-fetus II; emkhakheni womama I noma II nasenqenqemeni ye-fetus III. Amathuba okungahambisani okunjalo aphezulu uma umama nobaba banezinhlobo ezahlukene zegazi. Okuhlukile yilona uhlobo lokuqala lwegazi lukababa.