Ukuzalwa kwendlela yokuphenya izenzo kanye nesizinda sengqondo somuntu ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwabo kubhekisela ekhulwini le-XVII. Emithonjeni yawo kwakukhona izazi zefilosofi ezidumile uRobert Descartes, uDkt Locke nabanye abazama ukuqonda amathuba omuntu ozihlola ngokuzimela izenzo zakhe kanye nezinzwa zangaphakathi ezixhunywe nazo.
Kuyini ukufihla okufakiwe?
Nakuba lesi yisikhathi esingenakuqondakala esetshenziselwa ukucwaninga kwengqondo nokusho ukuthi "bheka ngaphakathi," ukukhuluma kwangokujwayelekile kuyajwayele iningi lethu. Akekho umuntu ongazama ukuqonda izenzo zakhe kulokhu noma kulesi simo, ukuhlaziya imiphumela yaso. Futhi bambalwa abantu abasola ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi umnyene wangena esimweni esicatshangelwa nje ukuthi uyinhlangano yokungena.
Ngakho-ke, ukungena phambili kungenye yezindlela zokuziqonda okujulile, lapho umuntu engahlaziya ngokuzimela:
- izenzo;
- imizwa;
- imicabango;
- imizwa;
- izinhloso ezitholakala ebuchosheni.
I-Introspection ku-Psychology
Ikhono lokusungula isipho esihle; akuzona zonke ezitholayo, futhi ngisho nalabo abanikezwayo abakusebenzisi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngobuciko, beziphendulela zibe yizinto ezithandayo, ngenkathi kuhlaziywa kwemicimbi kuphela ukunakekelwa kwemicabango kanye nemizwa yakho engafanele. Ingakwazi ukufinyelela samoyedstva, lapho kuzo zonke izinto ezenzeke le ndaba ibeka icala kuphela. Ngokungafani nalezi zenzo ezibhubhisayo, ukungena phambili kwengqondo kuwukuhlaziywa okuvumela ukuhlolwa okuhloswe kokuziphatha nesimo sengqondo ngaphandle kokuzilahla nokuzisola.
I-Introspection - izinzuzo nezindleko
Indlela yokwethula isingeniso kwengqondo, njenganoma iyiphi indlela yokucwaninga, ingaqukatha izici ezinhle nezimbi, ngoba i-portrait ngayinye yehlukile engqondweni, futhi akunakwenzeka ukunikeza izincomo ezifanele ngokuphelele wonke umuntu. Nanobe kunjalo, indlela yekungeniswa kwesikhatsi lesetjentiswe kucondza simo semuntfu yembula tintfo letinyenti tetimphawu talo. Phakathi kokuhle kukhona:
- ulwazi ngemikhuba yabo, ukufaneleka kanye nokuhlukunyezwa;
- amathuba okuzithuthukisa;
- "Kuvaliwe" ngaphandle kokubheka konke okwenzeka kumuntu.
Ngokuqondene nezici ezimbi zendlela, abacwaningi lapha bawubiza kuphela ngokuthi: isimo sengqondo sokuzikhethela ngokwakho ebangeni elibanzi kakhulu. Iqhubeka kusukela ekuhlolweni: "Ngiyithethelela, othandekayo wami," ku: "Yonke iphutha lami, ngoba ngibi (ukulahlekelwa, ukuzidla, njll)." Ukukhokha intela ekuhloleni kwangaphakathi okubalulekile kumuntu, izazi azibheki njengezesayensi.
Ukungenwa kwe-introspection nokufakaza kwangaphambili
Phakathi kwendlela yokwenza izinto zangaphambili kanye nokwaziswa kwangaphambili ngezinye izikhathi kufaka uphawu olulinganayo, okufakazela ukuthi izici zokufunda zifana: ukuphendula kwangokomzwelo kwangaphakathi ezenzakalweni ezihlukahlukene, lapho ukuhlolwa kunikezwa yile ndaba, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "umbukeli ongenalwazi". Kodwa ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukungena kwe-introspection ne-introspection kunemibono ephawulekayo:
- ukuzibonela yindlela yokuthola ulwazi mayelana nesimo sengqondo nomqondo womuntu ovela kuye;
- ukufakela phambili - ukusetshenziswa kwedatha etholakale ngenxa ye-introspection.
Ukuzindla nokufaka ingqikithi kungezansi. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-introspection nokucabangela kuyathandeka njengezindlela ezimbili ezandisa ama-horizons wezifundo zesimo sengqondo somuntu womuntu. Iningi labachwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi kokubili kubalulekile: ukungena phambili nokuzindla; umehluko wukuthi "izimpendulo" zangaphambili zomphefumulo, ukuhlaziya indlela esabela ngayo ezenzweni ezenziwa, futhi okwesibili - ngomzimba, ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana nezenzo zakhe.
Izinhlobo zengeniso yokufaka ingeniso kwengqondo
Umlando wemvelaphi yale ndlela yabeletha izinhlobo ezithile zokuqala, ezitholwa ososayensi bezikole ezahlukene zefilosofi nezengqondo zaseYurophu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona:
- ehlelekile, evumela ukuhlaziya ukuvela kwemicabango nemizwa ekubuyiseni emuva, okungukuthi, emva kokuthunyelwa kwezenzo ezithile;
- Ukuhlaziya, njengokungathi ukuxuba imizwelo, ukuwahlukanisa zibe izingxenye ezincane futhi ubonise kusukela ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kuya ekubonisweni;
- isingeniso esenzakalelayo - ukuzibonela, esetshenziswa ku-Gestalt psychology, lapho ukuhlaziywa kombuso wangaphakathi komuntu kwenzeka ngokuchazayo, ngaphandle kokubangela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo.
Ezincwadini eziningana zesayensi, olunye uhlolo oluthile olwenziwe ngokucacile lukhishwa, ngendlela okungenzeka ngayo ukuhlola ngokuphindaphindiwe ukusabela ngokomzwelo komuntu ezenzweni zomlingiswa ophindaphindiwe. Ngokwenza kanjalo, inikeza izici ezizimele zengqondo zokubheka. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, ukubhekwa kwe-introspection kwakubhekwa njengendlela kuphela ephumelelayo yokutadisha isimo somzwelo somuntu.