IPharadesi nesihogo zikhona emqondweni wabantu, futhi izingqondo eziningi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ziye zathatha lo mbuzo: indawo lapho imiphefumulo ihamba khona ibonakala kanjani? Ababhali nabaculi bazama ukunikeza izimpendulo, kodwa abantu babheka umhlaba ngamehlo abo. Akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi i-Underworld ibukeka kanjani, kodwa abaningi bayazi ukuthi imibuthano yesihogo iphathelene ne-Dante Alighieri.
Iyini imibuthano yesihogo?
Umqondo wesihogo kuqala wabonakala eTestamente Elisha yeBhayibheli. AmaKristu ayeqiniseka ukuthi izoni emva kokufa zingena ekufeni emva kokuphila, lapho zihlupheka khona futhi zihlupheka. Ngemuva kokudlula emibuthanweni engu-7 yesihogo, bahlanzwa kusuka ekungcoleni futhi bangathathwa epharadesi. Isono esithile siqondile kuhlanganiswe nesigaba ngasinye, isijeziso saso sinqunywe kusengaphambili. Akekho obiza ngokuqondile ukuthi imingcele eminingi yesihogo kufanele yini isiphambano sokwephula umthetho, kodwa ubukhosi bomhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba buyashintsha ebuKatolika. Inani lembuthano lenyuke laba yi-Aristotle ayisishiyagalolunye, bese umqondo wakhe uthathwe ngumcwaningi wase-Italy uDante Alighieri.
Imibuthano engu-9 yesihogo ngu-Dante
Emisebenzini yakhe edumile ethi "Comedy Comedy" u-Alighieri ukwakha uhlelo olucacile lokwakhiwa kokuphila ngemva kokufa. Kuwo wonke umuntu omusha, ngokuqondile umphefumulo wakhe, uwela ezingeni lakhe - okuthiwa umbuthano wesihogo. U-Dante akazange abe ngowokuqala owanikeza umhlaba ongenamhlaba isakhiwo esinjalo, kodwa imijikelezo yakhe eyisishiyagalolunye yesihogo yathola incazelo enombala futhi enemininingwane. Njengomthetho, "Ukuhlaziya Okuvela KuNkulunkulu" kuvame ukukhunjulwa uma kuziwa phansi komhlaba nokubonakala kwawo. Imibuthano yesihogo seDante itholakala ngesimo somngcele omkhulu, umkhawulo omncane ophikisana nendawo yonke yendawo yonke.
Inombolo 9 ayiyona ingozi. Ungahlukanisa abayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwezingu-3, futhi le nombolo ibaluleke kakhulu ku-Dante:
- umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko uqukethe izingxenye ezintathu;
- Umuntu ngamunye unamandla amathathu omphefumulo (isilwane, yemvelo, impilo);
- izikhumbuzo ezintathu zeZiqu-zintathu zobuKristu kanye neminyaka yokuphila kukaJesu - 33.
Isiyingi sokuqala sesihogo ku-Dante
Uma ukholwa umthombo ogunyazayo kwisakhiwo se-afterlife - "Ukuhlaziywa Okuvela KuNkulunkulu" - ungangena kuwo uma uhamba ehlathini elimnyama elimbozwe kusihlwa. U-Alighieri waqala "ukubeka" izoni ngisho nangaphambi kokungena esihogweni. Ngaphambi kwesango, ngokuvumelana nesiteleka sakhe, baqhuma:
- okubizwa ngokuthi imiphefumulo ephazamisayo, ekuphileni, engenzi lutho olubi noma oluhle;
- izingelosi (babengenakube noNkulunkulu noma noDeveli).
Amasango avuleka futhi isiyingi sokuqala sesihogo sivuliwe. Bonke abafika bahlangane nendoda endala uCharon, i-hero yezinganekwane zamaGreki zasendulo. Ngalesi sikhathi ekuhluphekeni okungapheli kwakukhona imiphefumulo yalabo abangafanelwe ukuhlushwa okuphakade, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphezu kokulawula kwabo babengenalo ilungelo lokuya ezulwini. I-Limb iyimbuthano yokuqala yesihogo, lapho abangabhapathiziwe, abangebona bangamaKristu abathandekayo, izazi zefilosofi zasendulo kanye nezimbongi zazihlupheka.
Umjikelezo wesibili wesihogo nguDante
Isiyingi sesibili sesihogo ngokusho "Ukuhlaziya Kwaphezulu" kwakubizwa ngokuthi "Ukufisa". Lapha babuthana ukuhlukumeza izinhliziyo, iziphingi, bonke labo abathandana nabo bashukumisa endleleni yesono. I-oda lalandelwa yinkosi nje uMinos. Ngalesi sigaba sendlela esonakele isibindi sabusa futhi kwavunguza umoya onamandla, ukujikijela nokuphonsa imiphefumulo emadwaleni. Abafika baphoqeleka ukukhuthazelela ukuhlukunyezwa kwesiphepho kuze kube phakade naphakade ngenxa yokungakwazi ukulawula inyama yabo ngesikhathi sokuphila.
I-Round Round yeDeni likaDante
Emagqumeni wesigcawu sesithathu axhunyiwe ama-gluttons nama-gourmets. Bonke labo ababengavinjelwe ekudleni ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo, baphoqeleka ukubola ngaphansi kwemvula engenasiphetho nesichotho. Izinkinga zezulu ziyisijeziso sabo esiyinhloko. Umjikelezo wesihogo ngokusho kukaDante uvikelwe yiCerberus - inja enkulu enhlokweni ezintathu enomsila wenyoka, emlonyeni lapho inhlanganisela enobuthi igeleza khona. Ngokuyinhloko unecala lemiphefumulo ayibamba. Noma ngubani odla ngaphandle kwesilinganiso, uyodliwa.
Isiyingi sesine esihogweni nguDante
Ngokuba ukuhaha nokuchitha kwabantu kwajezisa isiyingi sesihogo sesine nguDante. Labo ababengakwazi ukuhlanganisa izindleko ezifanele babephoqelelwe ukuba balwe nomunye nsuku zonke futhi baphathe izisindo. Otholekile wahudula emasimini futhi wagxuma amabhulo amakhulu amakhulu entabeni, wahlanganiswa phezulu wabe eseqala ibhizinisi labo eliyinkimbinkimbi entsha. Njengemibuthano eyedlule yesihogo ku-Dante, le purigatory yayilondolozwe ngumgcini onokwethenjelwa. Unkulunkulu ongumcebo wesiGreki uPlutos walandela lo myalelo.
Umjikelezo wesihlanu wesihogo ngu-Dante
Umjikelezo wesihlanu wesihogo yisiphephelo sokugcina semiphefumulo enobulima neyentukuthelo. Benzelwe ukulwa emanzini amakhulu angcolile (enye indlela yiMfula iStyx), phansi okuhlanganiswe nezidumbu zabantu abanobucayi kunazo zonke, abakhathazekile ngisho nase-Underworld. Ukuqapha ukukhishwa kwezijeziso uFlegiy, indodana kaNkulunkulu u-Ares kanye noyise wendabuko yenkolo yamaFlegiya, usemile. Ixhaphozi le-infernal - indawo enesiyaluyalu futhi engathandekayo, ukuze ungangeni lapho, umuntu akufanele abe novilapha empilweni, angathukutheli futhi angalili ngenxa yezinto ezincane.
I-Round Round yesihogo nguDante
Okubi nakakhulu ukuhlukumeza, isijeziso esilindele kakhulu. Futhi umbuthano wesihogo ngokusho kukaDante yindawo lapho abahlubuki behluleka khona emathunzini omlilo, beshumayela ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabanye onkulunkulu. Imiphefumulo yabafundisi bamanga ivutha njalo emigodini evulekile, njengama-ovens. Abaqaphi balendawo enhle kakhulu bangodade abathathu abahlukumezayo nabaxabanayo, amafury eTishifon, Alecto noMegera. Esikhundleni senhloko yezinwele emakhanda abo - izidleke zezinyoka. Imibuthano elandelayo yesihogo embonweni kaDante ihlukanisa umgodla we-fetid, ngoba bahlushwa ngenxa yezono ezimbi kakhulu ezifayo .
Isiyingi sesihogo sesihogo nguDante
Ema-steppes, lapho imvula evuthayo idlulela khona, i-Minotaur ivikela imiphefumulo eye yazenza izidlova. Kusukela kusukela kwesikhombisa, imibuthano yesihogo ku-Dante ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezihlukene. Owesishiyagalombili uhlukaniswe ngamabhande:
- Abahlukumezi, abahlukumezi, abaphangi babilisa emgodini ogcwala igazi elibomvu. Labo abaphuma emanzini abilayo obomvu, badonsa amaphesenti amathathu kusuka emnsalo.
- Ukuzibulala, kuphenduke isihogo ezihlahleni, ukuhlushwa i-harpy, nabadlali (okungukuthi, labo abadlwengula kanye nempahla yabo) baxosha ama-hounds.
- Abahlambalazi kanye nama-sodomite baphoqeleka ukuba bahlume emgwaqeni ovuthayo ngaphansi kwemvula engapheli emlilweni.
Isiyingi sesishiyagalombili esihogweni nguDante
Njengomunye owedlule, umbuthano wesishiyagalombili wesihogo uhlukaniswe waba izingxenye - imigodi. Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kweGanton enkulukazi enezikhali eziyisithupha, ukukhwabanisa kwazo zonke izinhlobo kujeziswa. Futhi ngayinye ine "igebe" layo:
- abadukisi kanye nama-pimps baxosha amademoni;
- Ama-flatterers aphethwe kuze kube phakade;
- Abangcwele baphonswa phansi emadwaleni, futhi ezinyaweni kukhona umlilo;
- abaphangi nababhuli bayathula, futhi amakhanda abo aphonswa emuva;
- izisebenzi zokugqoka zipheka emhubheni, futhi amademoni abomvu agwetshwe ukuzitholela;
- Abakhohlisi baboshiwe ngesigqoko sokuhola;
- amasela ahlupha zonke izinhlobo zezinyoka - izinyoka, izigaxe, njll - zilandelana nazo;
- imiphefumulo yabeluleki abaqiliyo ivutha emlilweni ongunaphakade;
- labo ababa ngumgqugquzeli wokuphikisana, ikhulu leminyaka liyahlulwa;
- ofakazi bamanga, abenza amanga, abakhohlisi bahlushwa izifo (ama-dropsy, rabies).
Umjikelezo wesishiyagalolunye wesihogo nguDante
Owesabekayo kakhulu, isiyingi sesishiyagalolunye esihogweni ngu-Alighieri wokugcina. Kuyinto echibi elikhulu elingu-Kocit elinamabhande amahlanu. Izoni ziye zaqhwaqhwa eqhweni entanyeni futhi ziphoqeleka ukuba zithole ukuhlushwa okuphakade ngamakhaza. Amantombazane amathathu Antey, Briaray, Ephialt awavumeli muntu ukuba abaleke. UDeveli oyisihloko esinezinhloko ezintathu, wehliswa nguNkulunkulu evela ezulwini, ukhonza isigwebo sokuphila lapha. Egcwele eqhweni, uhlushwa abahlubuki abaza kuye: uJudas, Cassius noBrutus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuthano wesishiyagalolunye uqoqa izihlubuki nabathengi bazo zonke izigqoko. Lapha ukuwa abathengisi:
- izihlobo nabangane;
- abangane;
- isizwe;
- UNkulunkulu.
Imibuthano yesihogo eBhayibhelini
Incazelo ecacile kakhulu, eningiliziwe yesakhiwo se-Underworld ezincwadini zezwe kungu-Alighieri. Umsebenti wakhe wekupheleni kweMinyaka eyi-Middle Age uchaza emva kokufa emva kokubheka umqondo wamaKatolika, kepha imijikelezo yesihogo ngokusho kukaDante ihluke kulabo abakhulunywa eBhayibhelini. Ukuqonda isihogo kuhunyushwa nge-Orthodoxy ngokuthi "ukungabi nandaba," futhi wonke umakholwa wenza izwe lakubo phakade. Emva kokufa komzimba, imiphefumulo iwela esihogweni somlilo.
Imijikelezo eyisikhombisa yokuhlanza iyinhloko engenakugwemeka wonke umuntu. Kodwa emva kokubhekana nazo zonke izilingo umphefumulo unelungelo lokukhuphukela kuNkulunkulu. Lokhu kungukuthi, abantu ngokwabo bayazikhukhumeza bevela ngaphansi kwe-Underworld, lapho bekhululiwe kuzo zonke imicabango eziyisono, bona ngokwabo bangumphefumulo. Imibuthano yesihogo e-Orthodoxy ifaniswa nesibalo sezono ezifa eziyaziwayo - izinto ezimbi, okudingeka uzilahle ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakho:
- ukuziqhenya;
- umhawu;
- intukuthelo;
- ubuvila (ukuchithwa);
- ukuhaha, ukuhaha;
- ukwakhiwa;
- ubufebe nokukhanuka.
Kokubili umbono wamaKatolika kanye nama-Orthodox esihogweni awuhlanganiswa kahle nomqondo wokungafi nomphefumulo, kodwa akekho ongakwazi kusengaphambili lokho okulindeleke ngemva kokufa, ngisho neBhayibheli alisho indawo yabezizoni, ngakho-ke abantu bebheka ukuthi yini eyakhayo I-underworld. U-Dante wakwazi ukwenza lokhu okungcono kakhulu. Ngaphambi imbongi yase-Italy, akekho owake wachaza isihogo ngaleyo ncazelo, ngemibala nangobuso. "Umculi waphezulu" nomqondo wayo ocacile awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi yiqiniso noma akulungile, ngoba akekho okwazi ukuqinisekisa amazwi kaDante futhi awaphikise.