Ngezinye izikhathi ukutholakala komlando kwezenkolo kudala ukungezwani okukhulu kunokuthola okuthokozile.
Lokhu kwakunjalo nangemiqulu engaqondakali yoLwandle Olufile, esele ibizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuthi "ibhomu lomlando", ibeke ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinkolelo zobuKristu ezikhona.
Ukutholakala okumangalisayo kwemibhalo yesandla yaseQumran
Ngomnyaka we-1947, intsha evela esizweni esiyinkimbinkimbi yokufunda isiqu se-taamirs yayidla izimbuzi ebhange elingasentshonalanga loMlambo iJordani. Ezinye zezimfuyo zahlakazeka, futhi abafana baqhubeka nokufuna. Emaphandleni aseQumran ngenkathi kusesha babona ama-jugs endala. Ukunquma ukuthi kunegolide efihliwe, efuna imali elula, amaBedouins awashaya.
Omunye wofakazi bokuzibonela wezinto zokumba watjela ukuthi kwakungakanani:
"Abelusi babengabazala bomunye nomunye. Omunye wabo, ogama lakhe linguJuma Muhammad Khalil, waphonsa ngamatshe ekuvuleni komhume owodwa entshonalanga yeqhwa laseQumran. Omunye wamatshe awela emgodini wamapulangwe futhi waphonsa okuthile ngaphakathi. Kulo matshe wathola izitsha eziyishumi zobumba, cishe ngamamitha angu-60 ngamunye. Ngokucasuka kwakhe, zonke izitsha, ngaphandle kwalababili, zazingenalutho. Esinye sezitsha zombili sasigcwele udaka, esinye sasiqukethe imiqulu emithathu, emibili ehlanganiswe ngendwangu yelineni. Kamuva le miqulu yabonakala njengoluhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zika-Isaya, amaBedouins athole imiqulu emine eyengeziwe: iqoqo lamahubo noma amaculo, uhlu oluphelele olungaphelele luka-Isaya, umqulu noma uMqulu weMpi kanye ne-Apocrypha kaGenesise. "
Babengenalo izimiso ezibonakalayo, kodwa kwakukhona okubaluleke nakakhulu: izikhumbuzo zenkolo ezibhaliwe ngezilimi zesiHebheru nesi-Aramaic. Bashaqeka ngoba yonke imisebenzi yobuKristu etholakala ekuqaleni yabhalwa ngamabhodi namatshe. Imibhalo yesandla emangalisayo ye-Qumran nayo ibhalwe phansi ezintweni ezithambile, zanyatheliswa zibe imiqulu futhi zifihliwe ekuhloleni amehlo.
Kusukela ngo-1947 kuya ku-1956, ohulumeni bamazwe amaningana baqala ukumbumbuluka okukhulu endaweni yomqulu wokuqala. Impi yangempela yavela phakathi kohambo lwezesayensi nezinhlanga zendawo. AmaBedouins ayekulungele ukubulala ngenxa yowokuqala ukuthola amarekhodi amasha. Babengaziboni njengabalulekayo - ngokushesha bawabuyisela ososayensi ngemali emangalisayo ngenzuzo. Kuye kuthengwa imiqulu engama-190 futhi itholakala esimweni esihlukile.
Imiqulu yokuqala ososayensi abazange bayibone ngokushesha: labo uJuma Muhammad Khalil nomfowabo bakuthola bathengiswa kubafundisi. Abelusi abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala baqume ukuthi babengenanzuzo enkulu futhi baphendukela kumlamuleli. Wabathatha ndawonye noMetropolitan Athanasios Jeshua Samuweli waseSt. Mark's Monastery eJerusalema. Ngomzuzwana wokugcina, lo mkhiqizo wawudlula: umonki oqaphi wayengafuni ukuvumela abazalwane ababi-abelusi-abelusi.
Kungani ukuvulwa kwemiqulu yeLwandle Olufile kubangela umsindo omkhulu kangaka?
I-Metropolitan yazama ukuthola ukuthi yini eyakwazi ukuthola unyaka ngemuva kokuthenga. Zonke izazi-mlando, ezazama ukuxhumana nazo eYurophu, zaziphakamisa izandla. Abasebenzi ababili abaphelelwe yisikhathi eSikoleni SaseMelika e-Jerusalem, uWilliam Brownlee noJohn Trever, basikisela ukuthi uma uthatha izithombe zemipheqululo, khona-ke kwifilimu le mibhalo izocaca ngokucacile kunokwokuqala. Izincwadi ezivela ku-calfskin ne-papyrus zazifakwe emakhophi amaningana - namuhla zonke izithombe zigcinwa kumamyuziyamu emhlabeni jikelele.
UJohn Trever waqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi isimangaliso phambi kwakhe: phakathi kwamarekhodi, wachaza lokho okuthiwa "incwadi yesiyalo" yesonto lamaMethodist. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuthi yonke imiqulu yabhalwa umphakathi waseQumran Essen. Leli qembu lamaJuda lavela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesibili BC. Lo myalelo wawunezimiso ezinzima kakhulu, ezinye zazo ezabhalwa encwadini yesiyalo. Ama-Essenes abhekwa njengamaKristu okuqala ase-Alexandria.
Usosayensi, ehlaziya amarekhodi, wathi:
"Izithako zabo zilula, kodwa ziningi. Yiqiniso, babethelwe ukuba bahloniphe uNkulunkulu futhi babe nobulungisa kubo bonke abantu. Ama-Essene ayenqatshelwe ukuphikisa ukuhlambalazwa kwamanga, ukuphazamisa amandla nokuma ngaphandle komlando wabanye amakholwa ngosizo lwezingubo noma izihlobiso. Imfundiso yezimfundiso ezifihliwe yayivunyelwe noma ubani ukuba asakaze, futhi asebenzise izithembiso zokuzenzisa. "
Yini ebhaliwe emiqulwini eyingqayizivele?
Ngemva kokucwaninga ngokugcwele kwazo zonke izinto ezitholakala ezenkolo zenkolo, ososayensi bahlukanisa yonke imibhalo ngokusho kokuqukethwe kwabo. Noma yimuphi umuntu uyobe engamangali ngokumangazwa ngokulandelwa kwezigaba ezahlukene nezinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa kwenkolo ewile emiqulu:
- izincazelo zemininingwane yokudala iTestamente Elidala;
- amaqiniso avela empilweni yabalandeli bakaKristu nabalandeli bakhe;
- izincwadi ezingekho ngaphansi kwe-Being;
- izincwadi ezingekho eTestamente Elidala.
Amarekhodi eQumran asiza ukwenza ukutholakala okungenakuqhathaniswa, usuku oluqondile lokubhala iTestamente Elidala. Ngaphambilini, amaKristu namaJuda akholelwa ukuthi yenziwa phakathi kuka-1400 BC. futhi 400 BC. Imiqulu yeQumran ithi iTestamente Elidala yaqedwa ngo-150 BC, emva kwalokho "akukho irekhodi elongeziwe kulo." Imiphumela yezifundo ze-laboratory yamarekhodi ayikwazanga ukuphikisa ukuthembeka kwabo.
Okumangalisa nakakhulu ukutholakala phakathi kwemiqulu yencwadi kuphela ephelele yeBhayibheli emhlabeni - umqulu kaQumran womprofethi u-Isaya, owabhalwa ngo-125 BC. Akunakwenzeka ukucabangela imizwa yabososayensi abayithatha okokuqala imibhalo esaphila - ofakazi besikhathi esidala!
Kungani imiqulu yaba isikhalazo eSontweni?
Wonke amasonto aziwayo eSonto LamaKristu futhi angazwi lutho ufuna ukuqaphela imiqulu kaQumran njengento yokukhulekela yenkolo. Abefundisi abakulungele ukubekezelela okuqukethwe kwamatheksthi aqulunqwe yihlelo lama-Esseni. Babona "othisha wokulunga" othize, okuhlala kuwo umphakathi endaweni ehambisana noJesu. Kweminye yemiqulu, ubizwa ngokuthi "uMesiya wesibili", ophikisana nemibono yobuKristu.
Amatheksthi achaza uMesiya amakholwa ayekulindele, ngokusho kwama-Essene. Wayezoba umholi ovelele wezombangazwe nezombusazwe, ngakho-ke ukubonakala kukaKristu kwakudumaza. UIsaya kuphela uqukethe isiprofetho salohlobo oluhlukile: uMesiya uzozalwa ngentombi futhi avume ngokuzithandela ukuhlupheka okufayo ngenxa yezono zabantu. Yisiphi sezincwadi esingathembeka, uma ubuqiniso bobubili babo bekungabazeki?