Noma yimuphi umzali ukhathazeka ngokuthi ingane yakhe ikhula kanjani: ingabe iyahambisana nemigomo yentuthuko, ingabe kukhona ukuphutha okudinga ukulungiswa. Ikakhulukazi, bakhathazekile ukuthi ukukhula nesisindo samantombazane bahlangana kanjani namazinga ngeminyaka.
Ukuphakama nesisindo somntwana kubangelwa ukuba khona kwezici ezilandelayo:
- ukulungiswa kwefa;
- ukudla okudliwayo;
- isimo sezinto eziphilayo ezungeze ingane.
Isici sokuqala sithonya kakhulu ekukhuleni kwentombazane. Ngakho-ke, uma bobabili abazali bebade, khona-ke indodakazi yabo izoba yinde kakhulu. Nakuba isisindo somntwana sixhomeke ngokuqondile ekubunjweni nasezingeni eliphezulu lokudla.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 eyedlule, amazinga okukhula kanye nesisindo samantombazane asungulwe. Kodwa-ke, izinkomba zokukhula zanamuhla zokuthuthukiswa kwentombazane ziyahlukana nezincomo ezitholakalayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezimweni eziningi izingane ezizalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 eyedlule zazibeletha, kanti abamele i-WHO kanye nezingane zisekela ukuncelisa nokuncelisa ekufuneni. Ingane ebelethwe ngamabele, ihluke ngokwedlulele ezinkomba zayo zomzimba ezivela kumntwana wezandla: uthola kancane kancane isisindo ngokungafani nontanga yakhe - umntwana, okondla ukuxuba ubisi.
Izindlela zokukhula kwamantombazane
Mayelana nalokhu, i-World Health Organization (WHO) ngo-2006 yakha imigomo emisha ngesisindo nokuphakama kwezingane ngesisekelo sobulili: itafula lasungulwa ekukhuleni nasekulinganiseni kwamantombazane, ekhombisa ukukhula okuphakathi kwamantombazane ngonyaka, nesisindo somzimba ngokuhambisana nesigaba seminyaka.
Ukukhula kwamantombazane ngeminyaka kufakwe ezithombeni ezilandelayo:
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Ithebula lokukhula kwamantombazane eneminyaka engaphansi konyaka owodwa:
Amatafula abonisa izinga elilinganiselwe lokukhula, kanye nokukhula okuvamile kwamantombazane:
- ukukhula okuphansi kakhulu;
- okuphansi;
- ngezansi isilinganiso;
- isilinganiso;
- ngenhla isilinganiso;
- phezulu.
Kubalulekile ukuthi abazali baqhathanise ngezikhathi ezithile izindinganiso zokuthuthukiswa ezakhiwe yiWorld Health Organisation kanye nezici zokuthuthukisa indodakazi yabo ukutholakala kwangaphambili kokungajwayelekile ekukhuleni kwentombazane.
Ngokwehlukana, ishadi lakhiwa ukukhula kwamantombazane ukubona ngeso lengqondo izindinganiso zokuthuthukiswa kwengane.
Etafuleni yemigqa ebomvu, imingcele engenhla nephansi ejwayelekile ifakwe uphawu. Okhulile intombazane, ekukhuleni kwengane ngokwengeziwe, okuhlobene ne-indexative normative, kuyahlukahluka, kuye ngokuthi i-heritage predecposition.
Izisindo zamantombazane
Ukulandelela ukuguqulwa kwesisindo se ntombazane kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba esikhathini esizayo uzobona umsebenzi wokubeletha. Ukulahlekelwa isisindo kusuka emazingeni okuthuthukiswa kuya kwesisindo esiphansi (i-anorexia) noma ngokweqile (ukukhuluphala ngokweqile) kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni esikhathini esizayo zezifo ezibi kakhulu (ukungasebenzi, izifo zesimiso senhliziyo kanye nezinye izitho).
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Etafuleni, ngaphezu kwezilinganiso zomzimba ezijwayelekile:
- isisindo somzimba esanele ngokwanele;
- ayanele;
- ngezansi isilinganiso;
- isilinganiso;
- ngenhla isilinganiso;
- ukwedlula ngokweqile.
Igrafu yesisindo samantombazane isiza ukubonakala ngokujwayelekile ngezimiso zomzimba zomhlaba wonke intombazane.
Lezi amatafula namagrafu zakhiwe ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe olwenziwa emazweni amaningana emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, imigomo yokuthuthukiswa kokukhula nokulinganisa kwentombazane ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuguqulwa kwentuthuko yengane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izici ezilandelayo:
- isimo sesimo senhlalakazana;
- beyiqembu elithile;
- uhlobo lokudla (isifuba, ukufakelwa, ukuxuba).