Umuntu ngamunye unesifiso sokuqhubeka nomndeni wakhe futhi akhiqize inzalo enempilo. Ukufana okufanayo phakathi kwabazali nezingane kubangelwa ukuzalwa. Ngaphandle kwezibonakaliso zangaphandle ezicacile zokuba umndeni ofanayo, uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa ngalunye luphinde luguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo ezimweni ezahlukene.
Heredity - kuyini?
Leli gama lichazwa njengekhono lempilo ephilayo ukugcina nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezici zayo ezihlukile kanye nomlingiswa wokuthuthuka kwezizukulwane ezilandelayo. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ubuhlobo bomuntu buyini, kalula ngomzekelo wanoma yimuphi umndeni. Izici zobuso, umzimba, ukubukeka ngokujwayelekile kanye nemvelo yezingane zihlale zibolekwe komunye wabazali, ugogo nomkhulu.
I-Genetic Human
Iyini ifa, izici kanye nezikhathi ezivamile zaleli khono lifundwa yisayensi ekhethekile. I-genetics yomuntu ingenye yezigaba zayo. Ngokwezimo lihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zofuzo:
- Ucwaningo lwe- anthropology ukuhlukahluka kanye nokuzalwa kwezibonakaliso ezivamile zenyama. Lesi sigaba sesayensi sihlobene nenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- Izokwelapha - ihlola izici zokubonakaliswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezibonakaliso ze-pathological, ukuxhomeka kwezifo ezibhekene nezimo zezemvelo kanye nezimo eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo.
Izinhlobo zokuzalwa kanye nezici zazo
Ulwazi mayelana nezici ezithile zomzimba luqukethwe emajeni. Ubudalwa bezinto eziphilayo buhlukaniswa ngokusho kohlobo lwabo. Izidalwa zitholakala ezigumbini ze-organelles ezisendaweni ye-cytoplasmic - i-plasmids, i-mitochondria, i-kinetosomes nezinye izakhiwo, nakuma-chromosomes we-nucleus. Ngesisekelo salokhu, izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-heredity ziyahlukaniswa:
- i-extranuclear noma i-cytoplasmic;
- nyukliya noma i-chromosomal.
I-Cytoplasmic heredity
Isici sesici sendlela echazwe ngayo yokukhiqiza kwezici ezithile ukudluliselwa kwabo emgqeni womama. Ukuzalwa kwe-Chromosomal kubangelwa ikakhulukazi kulwazi oluvela kumagciwane we-spermatozoa, ne-extra-nuclear - ku-oocyte. Iqukethe i-cytoplasm kanye nama-organelles amaningi anesibopho sokudluliswa kwezici ezithile. Leli fomu lezinto ezizimele lidala ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezingelapheki zesifo sokubeletha - multiple sclerosis , i-diabetes mellitus, i-tunnel vision syndrome kanye nabanye.
I-nuclear heredity
Lolu hlobo lokudluliswa kolwazi lwezofuzo luyisinqumo esinqunyiwe. Ngokuvamile nje kusho, kuchaza ukuthi yikuphi ukuzalwa kwabantu. I-chromosomes yeseli iqukethe inani eliphakeme lemininingwane ezindaweni zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezici zayo ezithile. Kuzo futhi uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwezimo ezithile zangaphandle zemvelo kufakwa. I-nuclear heredity ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihlanganiswe kuma-molecule e-DNA akha ama-chromosomes. Iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kolwazi kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya esizukulwaneni.
Izimpawu zokufelwa kwabantu
Uma omunye wabalingani enamehlo omnyama omnyama, amathuba okuba nomthunzi ofanayo we-iris enganeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbala wakhe umzali wesibili, uphakeme. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-heredity: ephezulu futhi ephindaphindiwe. Esikhathini sokuqala, izici ezithile ziyizinto eziningi. Zivimbela izakhi zofuzo eziphuthumayo. Uhlobo lwesibili lwezimpawu zokuzalwa kungabonakala kuphela e-homozygous state. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuphakama uma i-chromosomes amabili enezici ezifanayo zigcwaliswa ku-nucleus yeseli.
Ngezinye izikhathi ingane inezimpawu eziningana eziphindaphindiwe, ngisho noma abazali bobabili bayizikhulu. Isibonelo, umntwana obomvu ogqoke ama-curls ama-blond uzalwa ubaba nonina onenhlanhla enezinwele ezimnyama. Amacala anjalo abonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukuzalwa okunjalo akuyona nje ukuqhubeka kolwazi lofuzo (kusukela kubazali kuya ezinganeni), kodwa ukulondolozwa kwazo zonke izimpawu zenye uhlobo ngaphakathi komndeni, kufaka phakathi izizukulwane zangaphambilini. Umbala wamehlo, izinwele nezinye izici ungadluliselwa ngisho nakakhulu nogogo nomkhulu.
Imiphumela yokuzalwa
I-Genetics iyaqhubeka nokutadisha ukuxhomeka kwezici zezinto eziphilayo ezakhiweni zayo ezingenasici. Indima yokuzalwa ekuthuthukiseni kanye nesimo sempilo yabantu ayisoloko isinqunyiwe. Ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezici zofuzo:
- Ukwakhiwa ngokuzimisela ngaphambi kokuzalwa, kufaka phakathi izici zokubukeka, uhlobo lwegazi, ubumnene nezinye izimfanelo.
- I-deterministic ehlobeneyo - ethonywe kakhulu imvelo, ijwayele ukuhluka.
Ubuhle nokuthuthukiswa
Uma sikhuluma ngezinkomba zomzimba, izakhi zofuzo kanye nempilo kunomuntu okhulumayo. Ukuba khona kwezinguquko kuma-chromosomes kanye nezifo ezingathí sina ezingapheli emndenini oseduze kubangela isimo jikelele somzimba womuntu. Izibonakaliso zangaphandle zixhomeke ngokuphelele ekubusweni. Ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kanye nezici zemvelo, ithonya lezakhi zofuzo libhekwa njengelihlobene. Izimfanelo ezinjalo zithonywa kakhulu imvelo yangaphandle kunezinto ezingenasici. Kulesi simo, lidlala indima engadingekile.
Ubuhle nempilo
Wonke umama ozayo uyazi ngethonya lezici zofuzo ekuthuthukiseni ngokomzimba wengane. Masinyane emva kokukhulelwa kweqanda, isilwane esisha siqala ukwakha, futhi inzalo idlala indima ebalulekile ekubukeni kwezici ezithile kulo. I-gene pool ayibophezeli nje kuphela ukuba khona kwezifo ezingathí sina zokubeletha, kodwa futhi nezinkinga ezincane kakhulu - ukuxilongwa kwe-caries, ukulahlekelwa izinwele, ukutholakala kwezinkinga ze-viral and other. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ekuhlolweni kwanoma yimuphi udokotela isazi kuqala siqoqa i-anamnesis yomndeni eningiliziwe.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthonya inzalo?
Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, ungaqhathanisa ukusebenza ngokomzimba kwezizukulwane eziningana zangaphambilini nezedlule. Intsha yanamuhla isinde kakhulu, inomzimba oqinile, amazinyo amahle kanye nokuphila okuphakeme. Ngisho nokuhlaziywa okulula okunjalo kubonisa ukuthi umuntu angathonya inzalo. Shintsha izici zofuzo ngokuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, izici zobuntu kanye nesimo sengqondo ngisho nokulula. Lokhu kutholakala ngokuthuthukisa imvelo, imfundo efanele kanye nesimo esifanele emndenini.
Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi abaqhubekayo beqhuba izivivinyo ezihlola umthelela wokungenelela kwezokwelapha kwi-gene pool. Kulesi sigaba, imiphumela emihle iye yafezwa, eqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kungabikho ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo esiteji sokuhlela ukukhulelwa , ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezibucayi kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo emntwaneni. Ngesikhathi ucwaningo luqhutshwa kuphela ezilwaneni. Ukuqala ukuhlolwa nokubamba iqhaza kwabantu kukhona izithiyo eziningana zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha:
- Eqaphela ukuthi ukuzalwa okunjalo, izinhlangano zezempi zingasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile ekukhiqizeni amasosha aqeqeshiwe ngamakhono angcono omzimba kanye nezinkomba zezempilo eziphakeme.
- Akuwona wonke umndeni ongakwazi ukukhipha inqubo yokuqothulwa kweqanda eliphelele kunawo wonke ngekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, izingane ezinhle, ezinamakhono nezempilo zizozalwa kuphela phakathi kwabantu abacebile.
- Ukungenelela ezinkambweni zokukhethwa kwemvelo kufana ncamashi nama-eugenics. Iningi ochwepheshe emkhakheni wezakhi zofuzo lubheka ukuthi liwubugebengu ngokumelene nesintu.
Ubuhle nemvelo
Izimo zangaphandle zingathinta kakhulu izici zofuzo. Ucwaningo lwamuva lubonise ukuthi ukuzalwa komuntu kuxhomeke ezimweni ezinjalo:
- ukudla;
- indawo yokuhlala;
- isimo semvelo;
- isimo sezimali;
- isikhundla somphakathi;
- ukukhuliswa;
- umkhathi emndenini;
- ubukhona kanye nenani lokucindezeleka;
- indlela yokuphila;
- imvelaphi engokomzwelo;
- umsebenzi womzimba;
- ukutholakala kokunakekelwa kwezempilo okusezingeni;
- umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe.