I-neoplasms emangalisa yendlela yokuphefumula yizona ezivame ukwelashwa kwemvelo. Indawo yokuqala phakathi kwabo ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu, unyaka ngamunye kunezigidi ezingaphezu kwezi-1 ezixilongwa. Ngenxa yokuthuthuka okusheshayo kanye nezinkinga zokwelashwa, isisu sinesifo sezinkinga eziyingozi kakhulu.
Izimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu
Lezi zifo zivela ekuguqulweni okuqhubekayo kwisakhiwo se-DNA ye-epithelium ye-bronchial. Izishukela ezengeziwe zonakalisiwe, izinga eliphezulu lokubunjwa kwesisu. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zomdlavuza wamaphaphu yizifo ze-carcinogens, ikakhulukazi uma zingena emzimbeni njalo. Ukudoba kancane kancane kushintsha isakhiwo se-epithelium ebandakanya i-bronchi. Ezinye izici ezenza lesi sifo zibandakanye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nemisebe ye-radioactive (ionizing).
Isizathu esiyinhloko somdlavuza wamaphaphu
Cishe amaphesenti angama-90 azo zonke izifo zesifo esibuzwayo kanye nezimpawu zalo zokuqala ngenxa yokubhema . Lo mkhuba omubi ukwandisa ingozi yokukhula kabi nge-factor 20. Akuyona nje i-nicotine, ukuvimbela ukuzivikela komzimba, okuvusa umdlavuza wamaphaphu - izimbangela ze-tumor zifihlekile ekusebenzeni kwama-carcinogens, kufaka phakathi ama-isotopes e-radioactive we-radon avela kumusi wokubhema. Ngaphezu kwama-toxins awaziwayo, aqukethe okungaphezu kuka-4000 amakhemikhali amakhemikhali angaziwa.
Izimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabangewona abhema
Izimpawu nezibonakaliso zezifo ezichazweyo zitholakala kubantu abangenalo izidakamizwa, kodwa okungajwayelekile (amacala angu-10-15%). Nakuba kungekho bufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukubhema okungabonakali kuyimbangela yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kuphakathi kwezimo ezenziwe ukwakha izicubu ohlelweni lokuphefumula. Izici ezingavamile ezivusa ukwelashwa okubuzwayo:
- uthuli;
- i-asbestos;
- i-radon;
- ezinye izinhlobo zegciwane;
- i-arsenic;
- i-nickel;
- i-chrome;
- i-cadmium;
- i-irradiation yama-radioactive;
- i-infronic bronchial pathology.
Umdlavuza we-Lung yisisusa somqondo
Ochwepheshe abaningi bathambekele ekukholweni ukuthi lesi sifo esihambisana nesifo semvelo sisebenza ngokugcwele, futhi kubangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemiphumela emibi emzimbeni. Abanye abacwaningi baveza ezinye izimbangela ze-psychosomatic ezenza umdlavuza wamaphaphu:
- ukungakwazi ukudala umndeni oqinile;
- ukudumala empilweni;
- ubudlelwano obubi nabazali;
- ukungabi nabangane abaseduze noma ukufisa ngokomzwelo;
- akunakwenzeka ukukwazi ukukwazi ukukwazi ukukwenza.
Izinkinga ezibalwe kuphela zihlobana nokubonakala kwezimpawu nezibonakaliso ezihambisana neoplasms ezinonya ohlelweni lokuphefumula. Azikho izifundo zezokwelapha ezisemthethweni eziqinisekisa ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezinjalo lapho kwenzeke khona noma ukuqhubeka komdlavuza. Ngokuphathelene nokuntuleka kobufakazi bale mbono, aba-oncologists bavame ukulalela izimbangela zokucindezeleka ezingokwengqondo.
Izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu
Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlukaniswa kwezifo ezichazwe. Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa ngokwezimiso ezimbili - izici ze-hertological ze-cell tumor and the severe of symptoms and signs in accordance with the stage of development. Kubalulekile ukunquma uhlobo lwesifo ngaso leso sikhathi, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-neoplasms ezingokwemvelo zinenani labo lokuqhubeka futhi zidinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile.
Izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu nge-histology:
- encane encane;
- iseli elincane elincane.
Izinhlobo zezimbala ngokuqina nokuqina kwempawu:
- Isigaba 1 - sinomusa, ekuqaleni;
- 2 isigaba - esilinganiselwe, ephakathi;
- Isigaba 3 - esinzima;
- Isigaba sesi-4 - esinzima kakhulu, esingasebenzi.
Umdlavuza omncane weseli wamaphaphu
Ngokuvamile (kwenzeka ngamacala angaba ngu-20%), kodwa ifomu elikhukhumezayo futhi elisakazekayo lesifo, izimpawu zalo zitholwa ngokuyinhloko kulabo ababhemayo. Qonda ukuthi yini umdlavuza wamaphaphu amancane, kusiza ukutadisha izicubu ezenza lesi sifo. Yakhiwa kusuka ezakhiweni ezincane ezithinta ngokukhululekile ngaphakathi kwegazi kanye nesistimu ye-lymphatic ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu. Amangqamuzana e-pathological akhiwa kalula ezithombeni ezinempilo, eholela ekubukeni nasekukhuleni kwamathambo.
Lesi yisifo somdlavuza wamaphaphu esingozi kunazo zonke - izimpawu nezibonakaliso zezihlobo ezincane zesifo azange zigcinwe isikhathi eside. Umuntu akazi ukuthi kukhona khona inkinga aze aqale ukukhwehlela igazi futhi azizwe imiphumela yokukhula kwe-neoplasm. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemibonakaliso yemitholampilo, lolu hlobo lwesifo luvame ukutholakala ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa.
Ama-subtypes ezinambuzane ezincane zeseli:
- i-pleomorphic;
- i-oat cell;
- i-spindle cell.
Umdlavuza wamangqamuzana ongewona omncane
Ngokwegama, uhlobo lwe-neoplasms olucatshangelwayo luqukethe izakhiwo ezinkulu eziphilayo. Leli fomu lesi sifo livame kakhulu, izimpawu zalo zifunyanwa ngamacala angu-80% (kancane kancane). Izithumba eziveziwe zikhula kancane futhi azikhombisi ukuveza ukubonakala kwamathambo, kodwa ingozi yabo nemiphumela eyingozi emisebenzini yomzimba iyafana nohlobo olwedlule lwe-pathology.
Amanqamu amakhemikhali angasona amancane amaphaphu amaphaphu ayi-adenocarcinoma ne-epidermoid (squamous, squamous-cell) carcinoma. Okunye, okungajwayelekile njalo, okungafani kwe-neoplasms:
- iseli elikhanyayo;
- iseli elikhulu.
Izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu
Isithombe sesitholampilo saleso sifo sincike esiteji sokuqhubekela phambili nokuqina kwayo, ukutholakala kanye nenombolo yamathambo. Okubaluleke kakhulu indawo lapho umdlavuza wamaphaphu uqala khona - izimpawu nezibonakaliso zesisu esiyisisekelo (kusukela embhedeni wamangqamuzana we-bronchus enkulu) kubonakala kakhulu futhi kubonakala ekuqaleni. Njengoba ikhula, ithazamisa ukuphela kwezinzwa futhi icasula izicubu ezizungezile, ngakho-ke umuntu uyabona izinguquko ekusebenzeni komzimba.
Ekuqaleni, azikho izibonakaliso zangaphandle zomdlavuza wamaphaphu uma kune-neoplasm ezingxenyeni zomzimba zesimiso sokuphefumula. Ezingxenyeni zamagatsha we-bronchi awekho ama-receptor abuhlungu kanye nokuphela kwezinzwa, ngakho-ke ubuchopho abukwenzi ngokukhula kwesakhiwo sangaphandle. Izimpawu ezicacile zivele kuphela ezinyathelweni zokuhamba kwezifo.
Umdlavuza we-Lung - isigaba 1
Uhlobo oluchazwe lwe-pathology luyaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemibonakaliso yemitholampilo. I-neoplasm namanje incane kakhulu, ayikho i-metastasis, ngakho-ke izimpawu zokuqala zomdlavuza wamaphaphu azikho. Ububanzi be-tumor bufinyelela ku-3 cm ubukhulu, buyatholakala ngaphakathi kwengxenye eyodwa yamapulmoni. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuqoqwa kwamaseli ashintshiwe kutholakala egatsheni elincane elibhebhethekile. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuhlolisisa umdlavuza wesifo samaphaphu: izimpawu nezibonakaliso ezinkathini zokuqala ziphelile kakhulu (noma azikho) ukuthi iziguli azifuni usizo. I-tumor itholakale ngephutha ngokuhlolwa kwesimiso.
I-Cancer Lung - Isigaba 2
Kulesi sigaba, ubukhulu be-neoplasm banda ku-5-6 cm (ubukhulu obukhulu). Lokho alukwazi ukwandisa okuningi, kodwa lugunyaza imishanguzo eyodwa, ngakho-ke kungenzeka kube nezimpawu zakuqala zomdlavuza wamaphaphu ekuqaleni kwesigaba:
- ukukhathala;
- ukunganakwa;
- amandla okusebenza aphansi;
- ubuthongo, ubuqili.
Lezi zimpawu azihlanganiswa nokuba khona kwesifo esibi kakhulu, zivela ezifweni ezihlukahlukene. Izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabesifazane nabesilisa ziyafana, ukuxilongwa kuyafana. Kamuva, kunezinye izibonakaliso zemitholampilo, futhi azifani neze:
- ukulahlekelwa okungasetshenziswanga kwesisindo somzimba ;
- ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kuya kuma-37 degrees;
- ukuphazamiseka kokulala.
I-Cancer Lung - Isigaba 3
Esigabeni esichazwe, i-neoplasm engakahle inezinkulu ezinkulu, engaphezu kuka-6 cm ububanzi. Kukhona isithombe somtholampilo esivamile, ngakho isiguli siyaphendukela kudokotela noma sine-x-ray - izimpawu zomdlavuza wamaphaphu sezivele ziqondile:
- omile, ngokuvamile ukukhwehlela okuphindaphindiwe;
- ukuphefumula;
- ukutholakala kwipneumonia ngaphandle kwe-agent esebenzayo;
- ukukhathazeka esifubeni;
- ukushisa komzimba okwandisiwe;
- isisindo esincane.
Phakathi nokuhlolwa, kunezibalo eziqala umdlavuza wamaphaphu - izimpawu nezibonakaliso ze-pathology zihlanganisa ukunqotshwa (ukukhulisa, ukuvuvukala) kwamaqembu amaningana ama-lymph nodes:
- i-tracheobronchial;
- i-bifurcation;
- i-paratracheal;
- bronchopulmonary.
I-Cancer Lung - Isigaba 4
Ukuhluka okuphawulekayo kwenkinga yesifo kuhambisane nokukhula okusheshayo kwe-tumor, ngokuvamile kuvame ngaphezu kwengxenye yokuqala bese kungena ezinhlobonhlobo ezizungezile zomzimba. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umdlavuza wamaphaphu usheshe uqinisekiswe - izimpawu nezibonakaliso zesiteji 4 zihlanganisa konke okuvezwe ngenhla kwemitholampilo, kodwa okunye okushiwo:
- ukuzwakalisa izwi;
- i-sputum e-purulent, ekhishwa ngesikhathi ikhwehlela;
- ukungabi nesifiso sokudla;
- ukukhubazeka kwe-diaphragm;
- ubuhlungu esifundeni senhliziyo;
- ukukhukhuma kobuso;
- isikhumba singumbala we-bluish-violet (i-cyanotic);
- izivunguvungu ezivuvukile entanyeni nasezingalweni;
- i-dermatitis;
- shintsha ukuma kweminwe ("ama-drumsticks").
Ngesikhathi sokukhwehlela, i-sputum ebomvu ivame ukukhwehlela, okuyi-clot yegazi. Ngenxa yomonakalo ohlelweni lokuphefumula, umuntu unenkinga yokuhambisana nezifo:
- i-pericarditis ;
- ukuvinjelwa okungapheli;
- pleurisy ;
- i-pneumonia.
Ngaphansi kaningi ngesikhathi sokuhlonza ukuhlukana, umdlavuza wamaphaphu uthola - izimpawu zokuphumula kanye nezibonakaliso zesisu zihlanganisa imithi eminingi ephakathi nendawo. Akuhlwanyeli nje kuphela kuma-lymph nodes, kodwa futhi nasezikhungweni zangaphakathi, okwenza ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu kwemisebenzi yabo. I-Metastase ijwayele uku:
- izinso;
- amathambo;
- izigulane eziyingozi;
- ubuchopho;
- isibindi;
- inhliziyo;
- i-esophagus;
- i-trachea;
- noma yiziphi izidakamizwa zesisindo;
- i-thymus.
Umdlavuza we-Lung - ukubikezela
Nakuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthuthukisa i-algorithm ephumelelayo yokwelashwa, okuvumela ukuphulukisa i-pathology. Awukwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele umdlavuza wamaphaphu - izimpawu nezibonakaliso zithuthuka, i-tumor ikhula futhi ihlinzeka ngamathambo. Ekuqaleni lesi sifo sibonakala, iphakama amathuba okuthuthukisa isimo sesiguli. Uma ukuxilongwa kwenziwa esiteji sokuqala, izinga lokusinda iminyaka engu-5 lilinganiselwa ku-60%, okwesibili - cishe ngo-40%, okwesithathu kuya ku-15%. Isifo esiyingozi se-oncological siholela ekufeni ezinyangeni ezingu-12-24. Umphumela ofanayo, uma ungapheli umdlavuza wamaphaphu - isibikezelo sokusinda asidluli iminyaka engu-1-2.