I-animism enokwengqondo nokufilosofi - amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Kusukela ezijulile ezikude kakhulu ze-archaic, lapho abantu beqala ukufunda indawo yonke, kwavela izithombe eziphilayo, njengendlela yokuqala yenkolo. Imvelo iyaphila futhi konke kuqukethe umoya noma umphefumulo: into, itshe, isilwane, umuntu. Ngakho abantu basendulo bakholelwa kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.

I-Animism - iyini?

U-ethnographer waseNgilandi u-E. Tyler wayecabanga ukuthi zonke izinkolo ezazikhona kuze kube yimanje zivela emibonweni enamandla yabantu. NgoLatin, i-animism i-anima, i-animus ingumphefumulo noma umoya. Ukholo ekuqalisweni okungokomoya noma amawele angaphezu kwamandla azo zonke izinto eziphilayo nezingahlali. Umphefumulo nomoya yizinto ezingabonakali esweni lomuntu, futhi uma umphefumulo uxhumene nezinto ezibonakalayo lapho utholakala khona, umoya ungamandla okuzimela mahhala ekuhlaleni kwawo nomaphi nomaphi lapho.

Ukuphakanyiswa kwama-animism kwavela nini futhi kungani?

Lapho kuphakama i-animism - kunzima ukuthi izazi-mlando zilandele le nqubo, kodwa kungenzeka kakhulu esiteshini sesigxathu sokuthuthukiswa kwe-Neanderthal kumuntu onengqondo, eminyakeni engaba ngu-40 000 edlule. Okhokho bokuqala be-animism kwakuyi-magic, ubu-fetishism , i-animatism ne-totemism. Abantu babengazi kangako ngemvelo, futhi behluleka ukuchaza izinto eziningi ezikhona kulo, ngakho bonke banikezwa ngamakhono angaphezu kwemvelo futhi bakholelwa ekuhlotsheni kanye nezilwane ze-totem zomphakathi wabo.

I-Animism, eyathatha isikhundla se-totemism, yayisekelwe emakhulwini eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho kokubona:

• amaphupho (umoya uhamba kuwo wonke umhlaba);
• umbuso ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ze-psychotropic;
• imikhosi yomngcwabo (umphefumulo ushiye umzimba).

I-Animism efilosofi

Izikole zefilosofi ezavela eGrisi lasendulo zazicabanga ngokuhlukahluka kwemicabango, izimiso nezimfundiso ezifakiwe. Isikole se-animism, esiholwa isazi sezibalo nesazi sefilosofi uPythagoras, sishumayela imfundiso ehloswe ukuxhumana ngokucophelela nemvelo, lapho ungathinteki - umoya ukhona yonke indawo. I-animism kwifilosofi yilwazi lokungafi komphefumulo kwanoma yimuphi umuntu: kungaba isitshalo, isilwane noma umuntu. Konke kuqukethe imiphefumulo ye-oda elifanayo kusuka emlilweni nasemoyeni, futhi ekufakweni kwangemva kwalokho umphefumulo ulandela njalo umzimba omusha onikeziwe wona.

I-Animism ku-Psychology

I-Psychology njengesiyalo esizimele yasungulwa maduzane futhi ukuvela kwemfuneko yayo kungacatshangwa nakho konke okwenzeka emakhulwini eminyaka emhlabeni wonke abantu abanolwazi ngemiphefumulo yabo. I-animism enokwengqondo iyisithombe sezwe lapho yonke into ekhona ekhona "engokomoya" futhi inemizwa nemizwelo . I-psychology ye-animism icaciswa ngokucacile ekucabangeni kwengqondo yabantwana, etholakala yi-psychologist waseSwitzerland-isazi sefilosofi uJepp Piaget. Ingane ikholelwa ukuthi uma ezwa, ngakho konke okukuzungezile kunemizwa. I-animism yezingane - izici:

1. Ukuhlolwa kwezingane njengezinto ezingapheli njengezinto eziphilayo.
2. Into ehambayo igcizelela ukumelela okunengqondo kwengane, kuyilapho okusemqoka kungabonakala sengathi kungaphili.
3. Ukuphakama kokucabanga okunempilo kungu-5 iminyaka (ukukhula kuya eminyakeni engu-7 ubudala).

I-Animism njengenkolo

Ngokwesaba izenzakalo ezinamandla nezingaqondakali zemvelo, abantu basendulo baqala ukuyiqinisa. I-Animism iyinkolelo yokuthi kukhona khona imiphefumulo nemimoya egcwele konke okusemhlabeni. Umkhanyo nokuduma, ilanga nenyanga, imvula, iqhwa nesichotho - umuntu omncane kakhulu futhi ongasivikelo ngaphambi kwezakhi, uqala ukwenza imimoya eqinile futhi azinikele ukuze azame ukubeka phansi.

Ukubuka ukuzalwa nokufa, umuntu wancoma ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwengane, umphefumulo ungena kuwo, futhi ngesikhathi sokufa, ushiya umzimba ngokuphefumula. Abadala babekholelwa ukuthi umoya womuntu oshonile uhlala egoboleni elikhona futhi akasishiyi indlu yesizwe. Ihlelo lokukhunjulwa nokuhlonipha imiphefumulo laphishekela umgomo wokwenza umoya wendabuko abe ngumvikeli kanye nomphathi wamandla amabi aleli zwe.

I-animism emlandweni waseGrisi lasendulo isiza izazi-mlando ukuba zifunde ukucabanga kwabantu baleso sikhathi. Izithombe ezikhanyayo zawonkulunkulu, ezakhiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusukela ekuqondeni imvelo nemisebenzi ethwala izimo zemvelo:

1. I-Zeus - ilawula ukuduma nokukhanyisa, ichithela phansi ngemvula.
2. UGaia (umhlaba) - ubeletha amaqhawe amakhulu amatshe (ukuzamazama komhlaba, ama-rockfalls).
3. IHayidese (Thanatos) inguNkosi yezwe elingaphansi komhlaba, ithatha imiphefumulo.

I-Animism ezweni lanamuhla

Ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba izizwe zahlala ezalandela izilwane - lezi zizwe ezincane, ngendlela yokuphila yasendulo. ENyakatho naseSiberia, yi-Evenks, Khanty, Nanais, ama-Udegeans. I-animism yanamuhla isekelwe ezintweni ezinkolelo zasendulo:

• amasiko nemikhosi yokuhlonishwa kanye nokukhunjulwa kokhokho;
• Indlu yeNdlu (okuyinhloko yendlu);
• amasu ama-shamanic wokubuya komphefumulo emzimbeni (ngezifo zengqondo yengqondo).

I-Animism - amaqiniso athakazelisayo

I-animism iyinkolelo emimoya nasezigabeni, njengoba inkolo yasendulo yashiya isinyathelo esikhulu semikhuba emlandweni wesintu. Izinganekwane zasendulo zaseScandinavia, eGreece, eGibhithe - lokhu kungumgcinimafa wezwe wolwazi lwefa lomhlaba lomuntu. I-animism, eyakhula emibonweni yokuqala yomuntu ngomphefumulo, yaqhubekela ezinhlotsheni eziphelele kakhulu zezinkolelo, kodwa kwezinye izici kuye kwasinda kuze kube namuhla emaholide amaqaba.

Amaqiniso anentshisekelo ahlobene ne-animism:

1. Isazi esikhulu sezibalo uPythagoras uyisimiso sokudla kwemifino yokuqala, wabenqabela abafundi bezilwane, ngenxa yobukhona bemiphefumulo yabo ngokufana ncamuntu.
2. Ingane encane emibonweni yakhe yokuqala, icabanga ukuthi lapho ehamba, inyanga "iyagijima" ngemva kwayo.
3. I-Koryaks (abantu bomdabu baseKamchatka), bebulewe ingulube noma ibhere ekuzingeleni, bafake isikhumba kumunye wabazingeli, bayidansa nxazonke futhi bahlabelele ingoma lapho beqinisekisa khona ukuthi abasoze balahlwa ngokufa kwesilwane, futhi iphutha kule "isiRussia" . Inhloso yenkambo ukuqondisa ukuthukuthela komphefumulo wesilo esifile.
4. Abantu besesiqhingini saseFiji bakholelwa ukuthi imiphefumulo yamathuluzi aphukile (ama-ax, imivese) iya ezintabeni ukuze zenze inkonzo.