Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinguquko ekucaceni kombono, odume kakhulu yi-myopia ne-hyperopia. I-Astigmatism ivame ukuhamba "izikhwebu" nalezi zifo, ngezinye izikhathi kusukela ekuzalweni. Ngezinga elilula, liphakathi kwabantu abaningi, futhi alibangeli ukungahambi kahle. Kwezinye izimo, ukukhubazeka kunciphisa umbono futhi kudinga ukulungiswa.
I-Astigmatism - iyini?
Kuhunyushwe kusuka olimini lwesiLatini, inkinga ebucayi ichazwa njengokungabikho kwegumbi lokugxila. Ukwakha isithombe esifanele, i-cornea yeso ne-lens kumele ifakwe njengebhola lebhola (ibhola). Ngenxa yokuzungeza okuhle, ukukhanya kukhishwa ngokuqondile futhi kugxile ngqo phakathi kwe-retina endaweni eyodwa (i-macula). I-Astigmatism, ngamazwi alula, i-cornea egobile noma i-lens (kancane kancane), njengebhola lebhola laseMelika noma lebholabhu. Ngenxa ye-elongation enye yezinkomba, ukukhanya akuphikisiwe ngokufanelekile, futhi kuhlanganiswa amaphuzu amaningi okugxila.
Lesi sibalo esingezansi sisiza ukuqonda kangcono i-astigmatism - iyini, futhi iyini indlela yokwakhiwa kwesithombe ku-retina. Isithombe sibonisa iso eliphilile, elinama-cornea esiphezulu ne-lens. Imisebe iphikisana nomfundi ngokuqondile kusukela kuzo zonke izinkomba, futhi iguqule endaweni eyodwa maphakathi ne-retina. Iso lesibili kulo mfanekiso, elishaywa yi-astigmatism, lidlulisa ukukhanya okuvela emajukeni ahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunamaphuzu amabili okugxila noma ngaphezulu. Zingafakwa ngaphambi kwe-retina noma ngemuva kwayo, futhi lowo muntu uzobona konke okuphazamiseke noma okukhubazekile.
I-Astigmatism - izimbangela
Izimbangela ezibangela lesi sifo zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili. Izimbangela ze-astigmatism zingaba nesibindi futhi zitholakale. Esikhathini sokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukuthonya ingozi yokuthuthukisa i-pathology, noma ukwenza ukuvimbela kwayo. Izifo ezitholakalayo zenzeka kakade ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu ngaphansi kwethonya lezimo ezimbi zangaphandle.
Ama-astigmatism angama-congenital - izimbangela
Amaphesenti angu-99 ewonke womhlaba anesici esibhekene nesici sokubuka. I-degree of curvature ye-cornea noma i-lens incane kakhulu kangangokuthi i-astigmatism yamabili womabili ayidlula i-diopters engu-0.4-0.5. Lesi isibonakaliso esincane esingathinti ubuciko bokubukwa futhi asibangeli ukuphazamiseka empilweni yansuku zonke. Ukuphazamiseka kwenzeka uma lesi sivuno singaphezu kuka-0.75 diopters. Isizathu esisodwa esenza ukuba i-astigmatism engathí sina ebusweni yamehlo yi-heredity. Ngenxa yezinye izakhi zofuzo zomzali, ingane ivula i-cornea egobile noma i-lens elongedwe eceleni kwesinye sezikhonkwane.
I-astigmatism etholakalayo - izimbangela
Ukuphulwa kwesimo sezingxenye ezithile zeso kungenzeka uma umuntu ekhulile. I-astigmatism etholakalayo noma yesibili - ibangela:
- ukuhlukunyezwa kweso ngengozi ku-lens noma i-cornea;
- ukungenelela okuhlinzekwa ngama-ophthalmological;
- i-keratoconus ;
- ukushisa kwe-conjunctiva noma i-cornea;
- i-keratitis ;
- i-corneal dystrophy ;
- izinqubo zokuvuvukala ezweni;
- isifo esiyingozi sejwabu leso;
- ama-bacterial acute kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo zamehlo;
- izingxenye, izibazi ku-cornea.
I-Astigmatism - izinhlobo, ukuhlukaniswa
Ezokwelapha ze-ophthalmology 5 izinhlobo ze-pathology ezicatshangelwayo zihlukile. Ukuvuthwa kwe-lens noma i-cornea kuhlangene njalo ne-hyperopia (hypermetropia) noma i-myopia (myopia). Ngokuhambisana nesifo esivumelanayo, i-astigmatism ihlukaniswa:
- i-hypermetropic;
- i-myopic.
Njengoba kunikezwe incazelo ye-astigmatism, lokhu kuwukwehlukaniswa kwe-cornea noma i-lens eceleni kwesinye sezinkomba (eziqondile noma ezingezansi), ama-ophthalmologists alinganisa ubunzima bawo phakathi kwamameridians. Uma sihlukanisa ngokwengqondo iso ku-4 izingxenye ezilinganayo ngemigqa emibili ye-perpendicular, esifundeni ngasinye kufanele kube nezingxenye ezifanayo nezilinganiselwe zomfundi. Uma i-cornea noma i-lens ivaliwe kwenye ye-meridians, i-quarters izokwandiswa eceleni kwesinye sezikhonkwane, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso. Lesi sici sinquma ukulula nokubunzima kwe-pathology.
Astigmatism elula ye-hypermetropic
Uhlobo oluchazwe lwesifo luhlanganiswa nokukhishwa okuvamile kokukhanya ku-meridian eyodwa, futhi akulungile - kwenye. Kungenzeka ukuchaza i-astigmatism enye ngenye indlela, ukuthi lokhu kuvela kwamaphuzu amabili okugxila kulo. Enye itholakala kahle, phakathi kwe-retina, enye isemva kwayo. I-astigmatism ye-hypermetropic yefomu elula ibangela ukubonakala okubonakalayo, kodwa hhayi okubonakalayo okunzima. Kuyinto engcono kakhulu yokwelashwa noma ukulungiswa okuhlinzekwayo.
I-astigmatism eyinkimbinkimbi ye-hypermetropic
Esikhathini esidlulisiwe, ukukhanya kuphazamisekile ngokungalungile kokubili ama-meridians. I-astigmatism eyinkimbinkimbi yohlobo lwe-hypermetropic libukeka kahle phakathi kwe-2-axis, kodwa ngezinga elihlukile. Ngenxa yokukhishwa okungalungile kokukhanya nge-lens noma i-cornea, akukho sikhungo sokugxila esakhiwe ku-retina. Zitholakala ngemuva kwayo ngamaphuzu ahlukene, enye idlula, enye isondelene nayo.
Astigmatism elula yama-myopic
Lokhu okuhlukile kwesifo kulula ukuyiqonda ngokufanisa nezinhlobo zangaphambilini. Ukwazi incazelo ye-myopia ( ukusondela kweso ), kucacile futhi kuhlangene nayo njenge-astigmatism, ukuthi lokhu kukwakhiwa kwamaphuzu okugxila phambi kwe-macula. Ku-retina ngenxa yalokhu, akusikho isithombe esicacile esakhiwe, kodwa indawo epholile. I-astigmatism elula yalolu hlobo itholakala ekubeni khona kokugxila kwesibili ngqo kwi-macula. Loluhlobo lwe-pathology luholela ekuboneni i-myopia, kodwa lukwazi ukulungiswa kahle, ikakhulukazi ngezindlela zokuhlinzwa.
I-astigmatism ye-myopic enzima
Ifomu elinikeziwe lokukhubazeka okubukwayo libhekene nokuvinjelwa kwe-cornea noma i-lens kuma-meridians amabili. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-astigmatism ye-myopic yesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi ihambisana nokubona okuncane okuncane. Ku-macula, ayikho iphuzu elilodwa lokugxila, zonke zikhona ngaphambi kwalo. Ku-retina kunendawo enkulu yokukhanya futhi enkulu kakhulu.
Astigmatism ehlanganisiwe
Ukuhluka okucatshangwayo kwalesi sifo kubhekwa njengento eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kuholela ekubhekeni okungathí sina okubukwayo. I-Astigmatism ihlanganiswe - yintoni okuyiyo: ukuguqulwa kwe-myopic kokukhanya kwesinye se-meridian ne-hypermetropic kwenye i-axis. Ngenxa yalokho, ayikho iphuzu elilodwa lokugxila kwi-retina. Uma izinhlobo ezichazwe ngenhla ze-astigmatism, kufaka phakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi, zikhomba ukuhlushwa kwemisebe ekhanyayo ngemuva noma phambi kwe-macula, bese ifomu elixubekile lihlanganisa lezi zinkinga. Iphuzu elilodwa lokugxila litholakala ngemuva kwe-retina, kanti enye ayifinyeleli.
I-Astigmatism - izimpawu
Isithombe somtholampilo we-pathology akuyona into ecacile, kuze kufike iphuzu elithile angeke lihlotshwe nesifo. Izimpawu ezingenzeka:
- ukukhathala kwamehlo okusheshayo;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kombono;
- ikhanda liyinhloko yemvelo yokudonsa;
- ukufiphaza, ukuhlanekezela, ukuphinda kabili kwesithombe esaziwayo;
- isidingo sokugxila uma ubheka izinto;
- ukuphazamiseka kweso kweso;
- ubuhlungu, ukuzwa okushisayo emehlweni ;
- ubomvu wamaprotheni ngenxa yokuthululwa kwemithwalo yegazi;
- ukuzwa ngokuba khona kwesihlabathi emehlweni.
Ubukhulu kanye nenani lalezi zimpawu kuxhomeke ekungenikeni kwe-astigmatism:
- I-weak - kuze kube ngu-3 diopters. Lokhu kuyindlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke futhi evumelana ne-pathology, ngoba iyaphathwa kahle yiziphi izindlela ezikhona.
- Isilinganiso - ukufika kwezingu-6 ze-diopters. Izimpawu ze-astigmatism zivezwe kakhulu kangangokuthi izilungiso ezibukweni azisekho. Amalensi noma ukuhlinzwa kuyadingeka.
- Izindleko ezinkulu - ezingaphezu kuka-6 ze-diopters. Leli fomu libhekene nezinguquko ezinkulu ekujuleni kwe-cornea. Inkinga ingalungiswa kuphela ngezindlela zokusebenza.
I-Astigmatism - ukwelashwa
Ukwelashwa kokuvinjelwa kwe-cornea noma i-lens kuncike kwisilinganiso sesifo kanye nobukhulu besithombe sakhe somtholampilo. Ukulungiswa kwe-astigmatism kwenziwa ngezindlela ezingu-4, ngokuvamile kuhlangene nomunye:
- sigqoke amalensi okuxhumana akhethekile;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezibuko;
- umsebenzi wesigaba;
- ukuhlinza laser.
Ama-lenses anesifo se-astigmatism
Lolu khetho lwezokwelapha lufanelekile ukulungisa ubunzima obunomqondo obulinganisiwe bokugula. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamalensi:
- Ngaphandle. Amaphuzu we-astigmatism akhethwe ngamunye ngesiguli ngasinye emva kokuthola ukuhlonza kahle, lapho isigaba sesifo kanye nesimo saso esiqondile senziwa khona, ngencazelo yezinga lokugxila kokugxila. Ama-lenses anesimo se-cylindrical nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Kwezinye iziguli i-ophthalmologist egqoke izibuko ezinjalo zivusa ukuzwa okungathandeki - ukukhanda ikhanda, ubuhlungu emehlweni, ukungaboni kahle nokuzizwa kahle.
- Othintana naye. Ekuqaleni kokulungiswa kwe-astigmatism, kwasetshenziswa ama-lens aqinile kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisana. Bathukuthelisa iso, behambisana nokumeleka okuqhubekayo, ukuvutha, ukuzwa kweshlabathi nezinye izinkinga. E-ophthalmology yesimanje, ama-lens othintana ne-toric ngokuvamile avunyelwe. Zithambile, kodwa zibe nesimo esithile spherocylindrical. Lokhu kunikeza ukulungiswa kokubheka kombono ngaphandle kokungalungi kwezixhobo ezinzima.
Awuyizibuko, noma abathintana nama-lens yizinketho eziphumelelayo zokuqeda i-astigmatism. Bamane nje basize lowo muntu ukuba abone ngokucacile, kodwa ungaqedi imbangela enkulu ye-pathology. Ama-lenses azoshintshwa njalo, futhi umbono uzoqhubeka kancane. Indlela kuphela ephumelelayo yokwelapha lesi sifo ukuphathwa okunamandla - ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa.
Ama-Astigmatism - ama-eye umzimba
Ukuzivocavoca okubonakalayo kunqunyelwe iziguli ezinezifo ezichazwe, kodwa kuphela ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka okubukwayo noma ngezigaba zokuqala. Ngisho nokuzivocavoca nsuku zonke nangesikhathi eside akuyona indlela ephumelelayo, indlela yokwelapha i-astigmatism. Ukuzivocavoca akusizi ukubuyisela isimo esifanele se-cornea noma i-lens, kumane kukhulule ukucindezeleka emehlweni futhi kuthuthukise ukujikeleza kwegazi kwendawo.
Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa ukuzivocavoca okuyisisekelo okungu-4, emva kokunye okudingekayo ukumboza amajwabu amehlo amahora angu-5-10 bese uphumule:
- Bheka up, bese phansi. Phinda izikhathi ezingu-10-15.
- Lungisa ukubuka kwe-diagonally (ngokugcwele) phezulu nangaphansi. Phinda ohlangothini ngalunye izikhathi ezingu-5-8.
- Bheka ngakwesokunxele, khona-ke. Phinda izikhathi ezingu-10-20.
- Phenduka amehlo ekuqondeni nakwe-clockwise. Yenza ama-10-12 aphenduke.
Ukuqeqeshwa okuhle kombono kanye nekhono lokugxila ngokusheshisa futhi ngokuqondile kuyisenzo esilula esingenziwa njalo ekuseni. Kufanele ume emawindini bese ucabangela ngokucophelela into ede kakhulu - isihlahla, ibhaluni elingumakhelwane, inyoni egatsheni. Ngemuva kwemizuzwana engu-20-30 udinga ukuguqula amehlo akho entweni eseduze, isibonelo, isandla sakho noma ipeni efasiteleni. Phinda izikhathi ezingu-5.
I-Astigmatism iyinhlangano yokusebenza
Kunezinketho eziningana zokungenelela kokuhlinzwa kule sifo. I-Astigmatism yeso - ukwelashwa ngezindlela ezinkulu:
- I-Keratotomy. Esikhathini sokusebenza, i-radial (njengezikhulumi esiteshini) inquma nge-scalpel isetshenziswa ku-cornea. Lokhu kusiza ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa okungalungile kokukhanya ku-meridian ephihliwe, okuqinisekisa ukujwayelekile kokugxila phakathi kwe-retina.
- Ukulungisa i-Laser ye-astigmatism. Lena indlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi engenabuhlungu, efaneleka ukwelashwa kwe-pathology kuya kuma-diopters angu-3-4. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, udokotela ohlinzayo uyaphazamisa ingxenye ye-cornea egobile nge-laser ngokujula okubalwa ngokuqondile. Ngenxa yalokho, ithola isimo esifanele spherical, esibonisa ikhono layo lokudlulisela kahle ukukhanya.
- Ukufakelwa kwe-torque phakic lenses. Le ndlela inikezwa uma ukusebenza kwe-laser kungenakwenzeka nganoma yisiphi isizathu. I-analogue toric lens, eyenziwe ngezinto eziphathekayo, isetshenziswe ngaphakathi kweso (ekamelweni eliphansi noma langaphakathi). Lokhu kubuyisela ukugxila okulungile futhi kuthuthukise ukucaca kombono.
- I-Lensectomy. Lolu khetho lisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwamacala amabi astigmatism. Ukusebenza ukuguqulwa kabusha kwe-lens. It is replaced by ukufakelwa okufakelwayo, okuyinto lens intraocular ekhethekile.