I-Psychological Existential ifundisa impilo, ukuba khona komuntu ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni, futhi livela kuzwi existentia - ubukhona. Umuntu uza kuleli zwe futhi axazulule izinkinga zobunesizungu, uthando, ukukhetha, ukufuna izincazelo nokushayisana nokuthi ukungavinjelwa kokufa kungenzeki.
Psychological Existential - incazelo
I-Psychologist yendabuko ekhona iyisiqondiso esiye sakhula ngefilosofi ekhona, ebheka umuntu njengesidalwa esiyingqayizivele, futhi impilo yakhe yonke ihlukile futhi inenani elikhulu. Isiqondiso sokukhona se-psychology saqala ukuthuthuka ngenkuthalo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka edlule, futhi siyadingeka ezweni lanamuhla.
Umlando we-psychology existential
Umsunguli wezinkinga ze-psychological existential - kunzima ukubiza umuntu othize, lonke u-pleiad wezazi zefilosofi nezangqondo zithonya ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi siqondiso. I-Psychologist yendabuko ekhona ithatha ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kusukela emibhalweni kanye nemibono yabalobi baseRussia LN. U-Tolstoy no-F.I. Dostoevsky. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX. isazi sezengqondo saseJalimane nesazi sefilosofi uK. Jaspers, ebuyele emuva ezindleleni zendabuko zengqondo, wafaka imibono yokukhona kwezinto ngaphakathi kwazo.
U-Ludwig Binswanger, udokotela waseSwitzerland, ufunda imisebenzi kaJaspers noHeidegger, wethula ubukhona bezinto ezingqondweni. Umuntu akabe esisitsha esilawulwayo esilawulwayo sezinhlelo zengqondo nemvelo, kodwa into eyingqayizivele, eyingqayizivele. Khona-ke kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwe-psychology existential namagatsha awo, afaka logotherapy edumile ka-V. Frankl.
Imibono eyisisekelo yendlela yokuphila engqondweni yakho
I-Psychologist ekhona-yesintu isekelwe ezintweni ezibalulekile:
- ukuqaphela nokuziqaphela;
- inkululeko;
- umthwalo wemfanelo;
- cinga incazelo;
- ukukhetha;
- ukuqaphela ukufa.
I-psychology ekhona, imibono yayo kanye nemigomo yayo ithathwe kwifilosofi ekhona, okuyiyona "umongameli":
- inkululeko yomuntu yokuzikhethela iyamsiza ukuba abe nokuthuthukiswa njalo;
- ulwazi lwezwe lomuntu wangaphakathi yisidingo esihamba phambili somuntu;
- ukuqaphela ukushona kwabo kanye nokwamukelwa kwaleli qiniso - isisetshenziswa esinamandla sokudalula ingxenye yokudala yomuntu;
- ukukhathazeka okukhona kuba yindlela yokutholela incazelo yakho eyingqayizivele ebukhosini obubonakala obungenasisekelo.
Psychological Existential - abameleli
I-Psychology ye-existential ka-V. Frankl isibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke sokungayeki, ukuthola isifiso sokuphila kuso. UFrankl wabangela ukuqiniseka okukhulu ukuthi zonke izindlela zakhe zengqondo zahlolwe kuye kanye nalabo bantu, okwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, babekuboshiwe ekamu lokuhlushwa le-fascist. Ezinye izazi zengqondo ezikhona:
- Rollo May;
- I-Irvin Yalom;
- UJames Buergenthal;
- Alfred Lengle;
- U-Alice Holtzhey-Kunz;
- Boss Medard;
- ULudwig Binswanger.
Indlela ekhona e-psychology
Indlela ekhona-yokuphila kwengqondo ekuziphatheni kwengqondo iyindlela lapho ubuntu bomuntu bubaluleke kakhulu ngokuphathelene nesithombe sakhe esingaphakathi esiyingqayizivele sezwe, ukungafani kwakhe. I-Psychologist ekhona efundisa amasu alula kanye nezivivinyo zesineke ezimweni zokubhujiswa nokubhujiswa ngokusiza abantu ukuba bathole izincazelo ezintsha kanye nokukhetha, ukuphuma endaweni yesisulu lapho kungekho lutho olungenziwa ukuthuthukisa.
Izinhlinzeko eziyisisekelo ze-psychology yabantu kanye nekhona
I-Psychological Existential iyigatsha lesayensi yengqondo yabantu, imiqondo eminingi emaphakathi mayelana nobuntu bomuntu inencazelo efanayo. Amaphuzu asemqoka e-Humanistic and existential:
- ukuvuleka komuntu emhlabeni, okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kuleli zwe kanye nomqondo wokuthula wena ngokwakho kungokoqobo okukhulu kwengqondo;
- isimo somuntu sinjalo ukuthi uhlale efuna ukudalula kwakhe kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamandla akhe;
- umuntu unenkululeko, intando nokukhetha ngaphakathi kwamagugu akhe;
- ubuntu yingxenye yokudala, esebenzayo;
- impilo yomuntu kufanele ibhekwe njengendlela eyodwa yokuba nokuhlala.
Ukuqonda ubuntu ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-psychology ekhona
Ubuntu be-psychology engabonakali buhlukile, buyingqayizivele futhi buyiqiniso. I-psychology ekhona ayifaki uhlaka lomuntu, uyikhiphe okwamanje, kodwa ivumela ukuthi ikhule, ishintshe. Lapho echaza ubuntu, abakhokho bezentengiselwano basebenzisa isigaba sezinqubo, futhi abancike njengezinye izikhombisi-ndlela zesayensi yezobuchwepheshe ekuchazeni izici zobunjwa kanye nesimo. Umuntu unenkululeko yokuzikhethela nokuzikhethela .
Izindlela ze-psychology ekhona
I-psychology ekhona njengesayensi kufanele isekelwe ezindleleni ezithile, amasu, izifundo zokufundisa, kodwa lapha omunye angabhekana nezinombolo eziningi zokuphikisana. Indlela eyisisekelo kakhulu ukwakha ubudlelwane obunjalo phakathi komklayenti kanye nodokotela, ongachazwa ngamagama: ubuqiniso, ukwethembeka nobukhona. Ubuqiniso bukhomba ukudalulwa okugcwele komgulisi kwisiguli ukuze wakhe ubuhlobo obuthembayo.
Izindlela zomsebenzi we-psychologist okhona okhona ngokwesaba ukufa:
- "Ukuvunyelwa ukukhuthazela" - ukusebenza ngokuqaphela ukufa, udokotela ngokwakhe kumele akwazi ukwenza ukwesaba kwakhe kule ndawo futhi alwele ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ukukhuthaza isiguli ukuba sikhulume ngokufa ngangokunokwenzeka.
- Sebenzisa ngezindlela zokuzivikela. Udokotela uhola isiguli ukuba sishintshe emibonweni yakhe ngokufa ngokucophelela, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo, esebenza futhi ekhomba izindlela zokuvikela ezinganele.
- Sebenzisa ngamaphupho. Ama-nightmares avame ukuqukethe ukwesaba okuphazamisekile kokufa.
Izinkinga ze-psychology ekhona
Imicabango eyinhloko kanye nemibono ye-psychology ekhona yashicilelwe yizintatheli zalesi siqondiso kuya ochungechungeni jikelele lwezindawo ezinenkinga ezibhekene nengqondo ye-existential. U-Irvine Yalom uhlonze 4 izinkinga eziyinhloko noma amafindo:
- Izinkinga zokuphila, ukufa kanye nesikhathi - umuntu uyaqaphela ukuthi uyafa, ukuthi lokhu kungenakugwemeka. Isifiso sokuphila nokwesaba ukufa kudala ukungqubuzana.
- Izinkinga zokuxhumana, isizungu nothando - ukugcwaliseka kwesizungu kuleli zwe: umuntu uza kuleli zwe yedwa futhi amshiye yodwa, enesizungu esixukwini.
- Izinkinga zomthwalo wemfanelo, ukukhetha kanye nenkululeko - isifiso somuntu ngenkululeko kanye nokungabikho kwamaphetheni, ukuvimbela, izakhiwo ezihlelekile futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwesaba ukungabi khona kwabo kudala izingxabano.
- Izinkinga zencazelo nenhloso yokungabi khona kwabantu zivela ezinkingeni ezintathu zokuqala. Umuntu uhlale ekwazi yena kanye nezwe elizungezile, udala izincazelo zakhe. Ukulahlekelwa kwencazelo kuvela ekuqalisweni kwesizungu, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokwehluleka kokufa.
Inkinga yokuphila engqondweni
Izimiso zengqondo ye-existential zisekelwe ekubeni khona kwezinkinga ezivela kulowo muntu. Inkinga yokuphila ikhona nanoma yimuphi umuntu kusukela ebusheni bakhe kuya ekugugeni, ngamunye okungenani wake wazibuza ukuthi impilo iyini, ukuthi ukhona, ukuthi uyaphi. Abanye abantu banezibonakaliso ezivamile, abanye bangase babe nenkinga ebukhali futhi ebuhlungu, baholele ukunganaki nokuntuleka kokugqugquzela okuqhubekayo ekuphileni: zonke izinzwa ziphelile, ikusasa libikezela futhi lihle kakhulu.
Inkinga yokuphila ingakwazi ukungena kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila komuntu. Kukholelwa ukuthi lesi simo sitholakala kubantu bamazwe athuthukile abaye banelisa zonke izidingo zabo eziyisisekelo futhi kunesikhathi sokuhlaziya nokuzindla ezimpilweni zabo. Umuntu olahlekelwe othandekayo wakhe futhi ucabanga esigabeni esithi "Thina" sibhekene nombuzo: "Ngingubani ngaphandle kwabo?"
Amabhuku ku-psychology engekhona
Rollo May "Psychological Existential" - enye yezincwadi eziyingqayizivele zophiko lobuchwepheshe obukhona obunamandla, olubhalwa ngolimi olulula luzoba usizo ekufundeni abafundi abavamile abanentshisekelo yocwaningo lwezesayensi, kanye nabachwepheshe bezengqondo. Yini enye ongayifunda kuhlaka lwesihloko:
- " Psychology ekhona yokukhulumisana okujulile " Bratchenko. Le ncwadi ichaza umlando wokuvela kwesimo esiphila khona-sabantu ekukhuleni kwengqondo, ukunakekelwa okukhulu kunakhokhwa ekululekeni.
- " Izinketho zokuphila. Imibuzo ephathelene nokusebenza kwengqondo kwengqondo . " V.N. Druzhinin. Izinkinga zokuphila nokufa, ukuthi ungathola kanjani incazelo yomuntu okhathele kukho konke lokhu, nokuthi yisiphi isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esikhona esingasiza - zonke lezi zinkinga zihlanganiswe encwadini.
- " I-psychotherapy ekhona " I. Yal. Izincwadi zale psychoanalyst edumile zingabuye zifundeke okungapheliyo, umbhali unethalente hhayi kuphela emsebenzini wakhe osiza abantu, kodwa futhi njengomlobi. Le ncwadi iyisisekelo esiyisisekelo esinamasu namasu okusebenza.
- "I- Psychotechnics yokukhetha okukhona ." M. Papush. Kunzima ukufunda ukuthi ungaphila futhi uphile ngendlela ethokozisayo, ujabulele futhi usebenze, indlela yokufunda okuthile, isibonelo, ukudlala i-piyano - kunzima, kodwa ukwenza konke kuvela.
- " Ukuhlaziywa kwe-existential yanamuhla: umlando, inkolelo, umkhuba, ucwaningo ." A. Langle, E. Ukolova, V. Shumsky. Le ncwadi ibonisa umbono ophelele wokuhlaziywa kwezinto ezikhona kanye nokubaluleka kwayo okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo yezinto ezikhona.