Kusukela ekufikeni kwamakhompiyutha, abalobi bezesayensi zezinkolelo baye bahlela izimboni ngemishini ehlakaniphile ethatha umhlaba futhi yenza abantu babe yizigqila. Ososayensi ekuqaleni bahleka ngalokhu, kodwa njengoba ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe luthuthuka, umqondo womshini onengqondo wayeka ukubonakala ungenakwenzeka. Ukuze uhlole ukuthi ikhompyutha ingaba nokuhlakanipha, kuvivinywa ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing, futhi kwakhiwe omunye u-Alan Turing, ogama lakhe labizwa ngegama lakhe. Masikhulume ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlolwa lokhu nokuthi yini ngempela engayenza.
Ungadlulisa kanjani ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing?
Ubani owasungula ukuhlolwa kukaTuring, siyazi, kodwa kungani enza lokho ukufakazela ukuthi akekho umshini onjengomuntu? Eqinisweni, u-Alan Turing wayebandakanye ngezifundo ezijulile zokuthi "umshini wokuhlakanipha" futhi wasikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukudala umshini onjalo ongawenza umsebenzi wengqondo njengomuntu. Kunoma yikuphi, emuva kuka-47 wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, wathi akulula ukwenza umshini ongadlala i-chess kahle, futhi uma kungenzeka, kungenzeka ukuthi udale ikhompyutha "yokucabanga". Kodwa indlela yokunquma ukuthi ngabe onjiniyela baye baphumelela yini umgomo wabo noma cha, ingabe ingane yabo inokuhlakanipha noma ingabe enye ikali yokubala ephakeme? Ngenxa yalokhu, u-Alan Turing wazakhela ukuhlolwa kwakhe, okusivumela ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungakanani ukuncintisana kwekhompyutha kumuntu.
Okusemqoka kokuhlolwa kwe-Turing yilokhu okulandelayo: uma ikhompyutha ingacabanga, ke lapho ekhuluma, umuntu akakwazi ukuhlukanisa umshini komunye umuntu. Ukuhlolwa kuhilela abantu ababili kanye nekhompyutheni eyodwa, bonke ababambiqhaza ababonani, futhi ukuxhumana kwenzeka ngokubhala. Ukuxhumana kuqhutshwa ngezikhathi ezilawulwayo ukuze ijaji lingakwazi ukunquma ikhompyutha, liqondiswa yijubane leempendulo. Ukuhlolwa kubhekwa njengokudlulile, uma ijaji lingakwazi ukusho ukuthi ubani oxhumana naye - nomuntu noma ikhompyutha. Ukuqedela ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing okwamanje akunakwenzeka kunoma yiluphi uhlelo. Ngo-1966, uhlelo luka-Eliza lwaholela ekukhohliseni abahluleli, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi walingisa amasu e-psychotherapist esebenzisa inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhasimende, futhi abantu abazange batshelwe ukuthi bangakhuluma nekhompyutha. Ngo-1972, uhlelo u-PARRY, olulingisa i-sanozophrenic, lubuye lwakhohlisa ama-52% wezifo zengqondo. Isivivinyo senziwa iqembu elilodwa labangqondo, kanti lesibili sifunda umbhalo wokurekhoda. Ngaphambi kokubili amaqembu kwakungumsebenzi wokuthola ukuthi yikuphi amagama abantu bangempela, futhi lapho uhlelo lwezinkulumo. Kwakungenzeka ukwenza lokhu kuphela kuma-48% wamacala, kodwa ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing kubandakanya ukuxhumana kumodi yoku-inthanethi, kunokufunda amarekhodi.
Namuhla kukhona umklomelo weLöbner, okhishwa ngokuvumelana nemiphumela yomncintiswano waminyaka yonke ezinhlelweni ezikwazi ukudlula ukuhlolwa kweTuring. Kukhona igolide (ebonakalayo nelalelwayo), isiliva (alalelwayo) nemiklomelo yemibhalo yethusi (umbhalo). Amabili okuqala awazange anikezwe okwamanje, izindondo zethusi zanikezwa izinhlelo ezingahle zifane nomuntu ngesikhathi sezincwadi zabo. Kodwa lolu hlobo lokukhulumisana alukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi lugcwele, ngoba lusondelene kakhulu nencwadi yobungane engxoxweni, equkethe imisho ehlukanisiwe. Yingakho
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Inverse Turing
Enye yezinguquko zokuhlolwa kwe-Turing okuphambene nayo ibhekene nawo wonke umuntu - izicelo ezicasulayo zamasayithi ukuletha i-captcha (CAPTHA), esetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukulwa ne-spam bots. Kukholelwa ukuthi ayikho izinhlelo ezinamandla okwamanje (noma azitholakali kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile) ongakwazi ukubona umbhalo ophikisayo futhi awukhiqize. Nansi ukuphazamiseka okumangalisayo - manje kufanele siqinisekise amakhompyutha amandla ethu okucabanga.