Umbuzo wokuthi yiziphi ama-hormone, angafika ngaphambi komuntu kuphela emva kokungabikho noma ukungabi nalutho kwalezi zinto ezisebenzayo kuzoholela emiphumeleni enhle yempilo. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abantu abambalwa bacabanga ngalezi zinhlanganisela, zikhona emzimbeni ngamanani amancane, kodwa zidlala indima enkulu kakhulu.
Ziyini ama-hormone futhi zakhiwa kuphi?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yiziphi ama-hormone aphakathi kwabantu, udinga ukwazi incazelo nokuhlukaniswa kwazo. Lezi zakhi eziphilayo ezisebenzayo ezikhiqizwa ngamanani amancane kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kwanele umphumela oyifunayo. Izinto azihlali isikhathi eside, zilawulwa yisimiso sezinzwa nezinye izakhi ezisebenzayo, ezidingekayo, ukugqugquzela noma ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwazo.
Inani elikhulu kakhulu lamahomoni akhiqizwa ezithombeni ezikhethekile - izigcawu ze-secretion yangaphakathi noma ehlanganisiwe. Kanye nalo lonke uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-hormone akhiqizwa isibindi, izinso, i-placenta, i-GIT, amaseli amafutha. Izithobezi zaseHormonal:
- ugqozi we-thyroid, i- parathyroid gland , izigulane ezinama-adrenal, i-pituitary gland, i-epiphysis, i-hypothalamus, i-thymus (thymus gland) - ukhiye wangaphakathi;
- ama-pancreas , i-gonads (ama-testes, ama-ovari) - ukufihla okuxutshwe.
Yiziphi ama-hormone - izinhlobo zokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali:
- izidakamizwa zamamino acid (adrenaline, norepinephrine);
- izidakamizwa ze-polyunsaturated fatty acids (prostaglandins);
- i-peptides (i- insulin , i-hormone yokukhula);
- i-steroids (i-cortisol).
Ziyini ama-hormone, asebenza kanjani?
Ukwehliswa kwenzelwe ukulawula izinqubo zomzimba - kungafaniswa nezihluthulelo ezihamba ohlelweni lokujikeleza futhi "uvule iminyango" - sebenzisa imisebenzi. Yimuphi umsebenzi osebenzayo ngalokhu noma ngaleyo ndlela kuncike "ekutheni" kanye nenani lento. Hhayi ngaphandle kwesizathu ngegama lesiGreki elithi "hormone" lihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukwenza" noma "ukujabula".
Iyini umphumela we-hormonal:
- ukuhlinzeka ibhalansi emzimbeni;
- ukuqinisa noma ukuvimbela noma yimuphi umsebenzi womzimba - isibonelo, ukuzivikela, ukukhula kwemisipha namathambo;
- ukulawula nokulawulwa kwezinqubo - isibonelo, umzimba, ukuguga, inkambo yokukhulelwa nokubeletha;
- ithonya emlandweni ongokomzwelo;
- ukulungiselela umzimba ngenxa yezimo ezingavamile - ukukhulelwa, ukukhulelwa;
- ukulawulwa kwesifiso socansi, isifiso;
- ukuvuselela noma ukunciphisa ukufa kweseli.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hormone kuthonywa kakhulu yizici ezihlukahlukene zangaphakathi nezangaphakathi:
- isimo sengqondo;
- impilo yempilo;
- izicubu ezikhiqiza i-hormone;
- izilonda zesistimu enkulu yezinzwa;
- ukukhuluphala noma ukungabi nesisindo;
- isimo semvelo;
- izimo zezulu;
- ukucindezeleka;
- iminyaka;
- imikhuba emibi - ukubhema, ukuphuza utshwala, izidakamizwa;
- abesifazane - umjikelezo wanyanga zonke, ukukhulelwa, ukuyeka esikhathini, isikhathi sokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Amakhomitha ama-glands adrenal
Izigulane ezinama-adrenal ziyizinhlayiya eziphezu kwezinso. Ingcebo yobuchopho, engaphakathi kwezingqimba ze-adrenal, iveza ama-hormone okucindezeleka - i-adrenaline ne-norepinephrine. Umsebenzi wabo ukwandisa inani lezinhliziyo, ukwandisa umfutho wegazi, ukwandisa umzimba. I-cortex ene-adrenal ikhiqiza amaqembu amaningana wezinto ezibhekene nezindawo eziningi:
- i-mineralocorticoids - imfihlo kuphela yaleli qembu elifaka isimiso sokujikeleza - i-aldosterone - ilawula ukulingana kwamanzi usawoti;
- i-glucocorticoids - ilawula izinqubo zokuqubuzana, ukugqitha kwabo kuholele ekukhulupheni, ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela, izilonda zesisu;
- i-androgens kanye ne- estrogen - enesibopho sokukhulelwa, ukulungiselela ukukhulelwa nokubeletha kwabesifazane, ukwakheka kwe-spermatozoa emadodeni.
Ama-hormone e-Pituitary
I-pituitary gland iyinkinga encane, ekhumbuza ubhontshisi. Yiziphi ama-hormone e-pituitary yizinto ezisebenzayo ezikhiqizwa yi-lobe yangemuva noma yangaphakathi ye-gland, enomthwalo wemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yomzimba ngokulawula umsebenzi wezinhlayiya eziningi ze-endocrine. I-lobe e-posterior ye-pituitary gland ikhiphe i-oxytocin, eyabangela ukuchotshozwa kwesibeletho ngesikhathi sokubeletha, ukukhiqizwa ubisi, ne-vasopressin, ukulawula i-diuresis.
I-hormone ye-pituitary (i-loter anterior) ye-somatotropin ithinta ukukhula kwamathambo, imisipha nezitho. Ukuxuba i-hormone - enesibopho sokugqoka isikhumba, isisombululo, i-lactation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zangasese ze-pituitary gland eziphathekayo ezibhekele:
- ukugqugquzelwa kwe-adrenal, ye-thyroid ne-sex glands;
- ibhalansi yamanzi;
- ukuthunyelwa kwezicubu ze-adipose kanye nokwasekhaya.
Amakhomoni we-hypothalamus
I-Hypothalamus iyinhlangano ephakathi nendawo yesistimu ye-endocrine etholakala engxenyeni yobuchopho. Amakhomoni we-hypothalamus anethonya eliqondile ku-pituitary: izitembu ziyanciphisa umsebenzi wazo, i-liberins - iqinisa. Ngenxa yalokho, lezi zimfihlo ziphinde zithinte igulane le-thyroid, izigulane ze-adrenal, izigulane zobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hypothalamus ikhiqiza i-hormone oxytocin ne-vasopressin. Isenzo samanye ama-hormone we-hypothalamus asicacile.
Amakhomitha ama-pancreas
I-pancreas iyilungu le-secretion elixutshwe, elisendaweni ye-retroperitoneal. Ukwengeza ekusithekeni, i-pancreas iyimfihlo ye-enzyme yokugaya, okudingekayo ukuphazamiseka kokudla esiswini. Amahomoni amakhulu ama-pancreas:
- i-insulin - ilawula izinga le-glucose, ilawula izinqubo zokuhlukanisa nokusabalalisa kwayo phakathi kwezicubu nezitho, ukuntuleka kwehomoni kungaba imbangela yesifo sikashukela;
- i-c-peptide - ithatha ingxenye ye-carbohydrate metabolism, uma le hormone iswele, isifo sikashukela singakhula futhi;
- i-glucagon - ihlanza i-lipids, ikhuthaza ukunyuka kweglucose egazini, ijwayele i-cholesterol, igqugquzela ukuzithokozisa kwesibindi, ikhulise ukugeleza kwegazi okuphambene;
- i-somatostatin - ivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamahomoni athile, isibonelo, i-insulin, i-somatotropin, ivimbela ukwakheka kwama-enzyme yokugaya.
Amahomoni wegciwane le-thyroid
I-Thyroid (igama lamazwe ngamazwe - i-thyroid) - isitho esithatha iqhaza ekulawuleni nasekuxhumaneni kwezinqubo ezenzeka kuzo zonke izitho zomuntu. Ibizwa ngokuthi "i-violin enkulu" ku-orchestra yezimpawu zemvelo ehlukahlukene emzimbeni. Uma ebuzwa ukuthi yiziphi ama-hormone e-thyroid, ungaphendula ngezwi elilodwa - lokhu kungukuphila, ngaphandle kwabo ukusebenza komzimba akunakwenzeka.
I-gland yegciwane yafundiswa odokotela ababephila amakhulu eminyaka edlule, futhi kakade babona ukuthi kuncike ekutheni ubukhulu bayo bunjani ngobuningi be-iodine esetshenzisiwe. Ukwengeza, ubukhulu nempilo yomzimba kuxhomeke ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yobudala, ubulili, isimo sezulu, indawo yokuhlala, izibikezelo zokudla, ukutholakala noma ukungabikho kwemikhuba emibi, isizinda somsakazo kanye nokudla kwemithi ethile.
I-hormone esemqoka ye-gland yegciwane i-triiodothyronine (iqukethe ama-molecule amathathu e-iodine) ne-tetraiodothyronine noma i- thyroxine (iqukethe ama-molecule ama-iodine angu-4), afingqiwe njengo-T3 no-T4. Emzimbeni, i-T4 iguqulwa ibe yi-T3, eyona inomthwalo wemfanelo yezinqubo ze-metabolic. Ngokudla okuphelile kwe-iodine, i-synthesis ye-hormone ye-thyroid iphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iodine iyadingeka ekwakheni ezinye izinto ezibalulekile - i-dopamine, i-adrenaline. Ukwenziwa kwamahomoni wegciwane kulawulwa yi-hypothalamus ne-pituitary gland, kanye nobuchopho.
Umphumela wamahomoni we-gland yegciwane:
- ukwandisa umkhiqizo wokushisa komzimba;
- ukuvuselelwa kokuqala kwamaphrotheni amangqamuzana ekwakhiweni kwamaseli amasha;
- ukulawula ukukhula ngokomzimba, ukukhulelwa kanye nentuthuko yesimiso sezinzwa nobuchopho;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokuxuba umzimba, ukwanda kwezinga le-glucose ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwalo kusuka kuma-amino acids namafutha;
- ukusetshenziselwa kwamafutha okuvutha kusuka ezitsheni;
- ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya zegazi - i-erythrocytes.
I-hormone ye-parathyroid
I-gland i-parathyroid ikhona ngemuva kwe-thyroid, futhi iqukethe imizimba eminingana yezinhlangothi ezingafani - kusuka ku-2 ukuya ku-6. I-hormone ye-parathyroid ibophezele ekusetshenzisweni kwemvelo (i-hormone ye-parathyroid) kanye nokuhlushwa egazini le-calcium (i-hormone ye-parathyroid). I-gland i-parathyroid ine-receptors, eyancipha izinga le-calcium evuselela ukukhululwa kwe-hormone ye-parathyroid, futhi-ithuthukisa ukumuncwa kwe-element egazini futhi inciphise inqubo yokukhipha kwayo umchamo.
Amahomoni we-gonads
Ama-hormone ocansini abesilisa nabesifazane anquma zonke izindawo ezihlobene nokuzalwa kwenzalo: ukukhulelwa, ukukhiqizwa kwe-spermatozoa namaqanda, ukukhulelwa, i-lactation njalonjalo. I-Estrogens kanye ne-androgens ikhiqizwa ngendlela efanayo yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Ziyini ama-hormone kubantu besifazane nendima yabo ekubunjweni komzimba wesifazane:
- Ngaphansi kwethonya lama- hormone e-pituitary ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, amantombazane aqala ukuthuthukisa i-estrogen ne-progesterone.
- Ama-hormone wesifazane abangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zesondo zocansi kanye nokuqala kokuya esikhathini, ukulungisa umzimba wesifazane ngokukhulelwa nokubeletha.
Ziyini ama-hormone wesilisa nendima yawo emzimbeni wesilisa:
- Ngaphansi kwethonya le-pituitary gland ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, abafana baqala ukuhlakulela ama-hormone abesilisa, okuyinhloko yawo yi-testosterone.
- Ama-hormone abesilisa abangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zesondo zocansi zamadoda - ukuthuthukiswa komzimba ngokusho kohlobo lwesilisa, ukukhushulwa kwezwi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitho zangasese, ukukhula kwezinwele ebusweni nasemzimbeni, ukukhiqizwa kwe-spermatozoa.
Indlela yokunquma izinga lamahomoni?
Ukuze unqume izinga lokufihla, udinga ukuxhumana no-endocrinologist ongakwazi ukukhomba ukuntuleka kwayo noma ukukhululeka nokunikeza ukwelashwa okwanele. Indlela enembile kakhulu futhi engabizi kakhulu yokuthola isimo sakho se-hormonal ukuthi uthathe ukuhlolwa kwegazi ngamahomoni. Ukuze umphumela ube onembile, kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo kadokotela ngaphambi kokuhlolwa - ezinye izicingo zesampuli zithathwa ekuseni ngesisu esingenalutho, abanye - kungakapheli amahora angu-24.
Kuyini ukwehluleka kwe-hormone?
Isikhathi sokubhekana ne-endocrinologist kungaba khona ukwehluleka kwe-hormonal ukuphulwa emsebenzini wonke uhlelo lwe-endocrine. Imiphumela emibi inezinto ezimbili zokuntuleka kanye nokudlula kwama-hormone. Isizathu salokhu yizici eziningi, ngoba ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu ye-endocrine kungumphumela wokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesistimu yezinzwa ezisemkhatsini kanye nezinhlayiya ze-endocrine.
Izimpawu zokuhluleka kwe-hormone kungaba:
- isethi ebukhali noma ukulahlekelwa isisindo;
- kushintshela ukudla nokudla;
- ukungabikho, ukuhluleka komjikelezo kwabesifazane;
- ubuthakathaka obuvamile, ukukhathala okungapheli;
- ukukhathala ngokomzwelo;
- ukuphosa ememori;
- ukuxubana, ikhanda, ukucindezela ukuqhuma;
- ukungaguquguquki kwemizwelo, ukuhlukumezeka, ukudabuka;
- ukukhula kwezinwele ezisezingeni eliphezulu;
- ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini wegciwane lokugaya;
- ukuwohloka kwesikhumba nezinwele - ukubonakala kwe-acne, ukukhwabanisa.