Ukuziqhenya kanye nedumela, amahloni nokuqamba amacala amabili amaMicropiki.
Ama-Olimpiki asehlobo ahlangene, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenhlonipho, inkazimulo nokunqoba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona izingxabano, amahlazo nokukhwabanisa. Ake sicabangele izikhathi eziqhakazile zombili zombili, kuqale ngokukhohliswa okuyihlazo ngo-1896 ngaphambi kwesitatimende sepolitiki esibi kakhulu ngo-1968.
1. 1896, e-Athens: i-marathon emotweni
Phakathi neMidlalo yokuqala ye-Olimpiki, omunye wabahlanganyeli emncintiswaneni wezemidlalo uMgqibelo uSpiridon Belokas waqhuba ingxenye yendlela yokuhamba. Noma kunjalo, wayengangena emgqeni wesithathu kuphela.
2. 1900, Paris: Abesifazane ?! Yeka iphutha!
Emidlalweni yokuqala ye-Olimpiki ngo-1896, abesifazane babengenakuhlanganyela emincintiswaneni. Kodwa kakade emidlalweni yesibili yama-Olimpiki eParis, abesifazane bavunyelwe ukuthi babambe iqhaza, kodwa-ke, kuphela emiyalweni emihlanu: i-tennis, ihhashi kanye nomkhumbi, i-croquet negalufu. Kodwa ngisho lokhu kwakuyisinyathelo esikhulu phambili, esinikezwe ukuthi ngo-1900 emazweni amaningi abesifazane besenalo ilungelo lokuvota.
3. 1904, St. Louis: iMarathon emotweni
Futhi ungenza isiqiniseko sokuthi impilo ayifundisani lutho, kanti uMelika Fred Lorz akazange afake iziphetho ezifanele kuleso simo ngeBelokas. Ungaphuli i-15 km, wangena emotweni yomqeqeshi wakhe, lapho ahamba khona amakhilomitha angu-18 alandelayo, lapho imoto ishaqeka ngokuzumayo. Amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalolunye asele uLortz wagijima yedwa, eshiya abaphikisanayo ngemuva. Kakade ngemuva komklomelo, wavuma ukuthi ukukopela, wayengafanelekile, kodwa ngonyaka owedlule wathola ngokuthembeka ukwehla kwebhola eBoston.
4. 1908, iLondon: i-mess in the rules
Yini okufanele siyenze uma amazwe amabili abambe iqhaza engavumelani nemithetho yomncintiswano ofanayo? Bese bakhetha imithetho yezwe elibambe iqhaza. Kwenzeka ngo-1908 emncintiswaneni wokugcina wamamitha angu-400, lapho i-American John Carpenter ivimbela ngenhloso indlela eya eBrithani Wyndham Holswell, eyavunyelwa e-US, kodwa inqatshelwe eBrithani. Umbazi wayengafanelekile ngokwemithetho yamazwe ase-Olimpiki, kodwa abanye abagijimi ababili nabo baseMelika futhi, ngokubambisana nekhaya, benqaba ukubamba iqhaza ekuvuseleleni, ukuze uHolswell asebenze yedwa. Ekugcineni wanikezwa ukunqoba.
5. 1932, Los Angeles: Umsindo Oyingqayizivele
Ngemva kokuwina isiliva ngendlela ehle kunazo zonke yezemidlalo, i-dressage, - umdlali waseSweden uBertil Sandström wayenqatshelwe amaphuzu futhi wathuthela endaweni yokugcina ngokusolakala ukuthi usebenzisa izindlela ezingavunyelwe zokulawula ihhashi - ngokuchofoza. USandström wachaza umsuka womsindo nge-creak ye-saddle. Kwakuyiqiniso ngempela, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthola, kepha wayeseyithola imali yesiliva.
6. 1936, Berlin: ukuhlolwa kobulili lokuqala
Emzabalazweni wokunqoba emncintiswaneni wamamitha ayikhulu, umdali wegolide wasePoland uSanislav Valasevich walahlekelwa kancane kuMelika Helene Stevens. Lokhu kwabangela ukusabela okungaqondakali kwethimba lasePoland: bathi isikhathi sokuboniswa owesifazane waseMelika asikwazanga ukufezwa owesifazane futhi sidinga ukuhlolwa kobulili. UStevens wavuma ukuhlolwa okuhlazisayo, okuqinisekisile ukuthi ungowesifazane. Kodwa okuthakazelisayo kunazo zonke ukuthi le ndaba ithola okungalindelekile okulandelayo. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, ngo-1980, uStanislava Valasevich, owathi ngaleso sikhathi wathuthela e-US wayeshintsha igama lakhe nguStella Wolsch, wabulawa esitolo sokuphanga eCleveland. Ngokwe-autopsy, iqiniso elishaqisayo lavela: wayengumuthi wesimeme.
7. 1960, iRomania: egijima ngaphandle kwesihlangu
Kuze kube ngu-1960 abagijimi abangazange baphikisane nezicathulo. Umgijimi wase-Ethiopia, u-Abebe Bikila, wakhangisa lapho egijima yonke ibhanoyi ibanga elingenamikhono ngamapulangwe futhi eqeda kuqala.
8. 1960, iRoma: ukufaka abadlali
Phakathi nohlobo lokuqala lomncintiswano we-pentathlon - uthango - abagijimi baseTunisia bazama ukunqoba, kodwa baqaphela ukuthi babesalandela. Bese banquma ukuthumela isikhathi ngasinye sokulwa kunamanye amalungu eqembu le-fencer efanayo. Noma kunjalo, lapho umdlali ofanayo engena emlandweni wocingo okwesikhashana, ukukhohlisa kwavezwa.
9. 1960, iRoma: ukunqoba ngeso
I-American Lance Larson no-John DeWitt wase-Australia emcimbini we-freestyle wemitha engu-100 yaqedwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngalezo zinsuku kwakungekho amadivaysi kagesi, abahluleli banqume ukuthi abaphumelelayo babonakale. Ekugcineni, ngemva kokubonisana nosuku, ukunqoba kwanikezelwa kuDeWitt, nakuba uLarson ethinta okokuqala umcibisholo.
10. 1964, iTokyo: ukungaboni kahle kwe-chromosomal
Umdlali wePoland u-Eva Klobukovska unqobe "igolide" kulayini odluliselwe ku-4 kuya ku-100 wamamitha "nobhedu" emakethe ayikhulu wamamitha. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ngokususelwa emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwe-chromosome, wayengafanelekile futhi enqatshelwe yonke imiklomelo yama-Olympic ka-1964. Noma kunjalo, njengoba kwenzeka kuVolsh, indaba ayipheli lapho. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva uKlobukovskaya wayenendodana, futhi ukungabaza kwakhe ngobulili bakhe bekungasekho, ngokungafani nobuqiniso bokuhlolwa kofuzo ekunqumeni i-chromosome engadingeki, eyaqala ukwenza izikhalazo eziningi.
11. 1972, eMunich: "umgijimi owedlule"
Lapho izilaleli zibona lo mfana, zigijimela ngenjabulo enkundleni yezemidlalo ngesikhathi sonke se-marathon, wonke umuntu wacabanga ukuthi lowo oyinqola wayehamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-42. Eqinisweni, wayengumfundi waseJalimane ozimisele ukudlala amaqhinga ezinkulungwane zabantu. Akazange nje ahlanganyele kulo mqhudelwano, wayengeyena umdlali nhlobo. Owunqobile wangempela, u-Frank Frank Shorter, wabonakala kamuva.
12. 1968, Mexico: ulimi lomzimba
Umdlali we-Czech ovelele uVera Chaslavska waba uphawu lomzabalazo kazwelonke wenkululeko lapho, emcimbini womklomelo, waphenduka ngokungahambisani nefulegi laseSoviet ngenkathi kwenziwa ingoma ye-USSR ngokuphikisana nokuhlasela kweSoviet kweCzechoslovakia.
13. 1968, eMexico City: i-scopal yokuqala yokudotshwa
Kulo ma-Olimpiki okokuqala ngqa emlandweni wegijimi kwakungavunyelwe ukusebenzisa i-dope. U-pentathlonist waseSweden uHans-Gunnar Lillenvall waphuza ubhiya ngaphambi komncintiswano, ukuze angabi nokwesaba. Umdlali washayelwa umklomelo we-bronze ngemuva kokuphuza utshwala egazini lakhe.
14. 1968, eMexico City: isalute emnyama
Phakathi nomcimbi wokubanjwa kwabadlali abangu-200m, abadlali baseMelika uJohn Carlos noTommy Smith baphakamise izibhamu ezigodini zamnyama futhi babingelela ngamakhanda abo ukuphikisa ubuhlanga. Ngakho bemazinzwane zabo ngaphandle kwezicathulo, okufanekisela ubumpofu babantu abamnyama. Kwakuyisenzo esikhulu sezombusazwe, ngemuva kwalokho abagijimi baxoshwa eqenjini. U-Peter Norman wase-Australia, umgijime-up, ubonakala sengathi uvele ehamba ngezinyawo, empeleni naye uhlanganyele esenzweni, egqoke ibheji lephrojekthi ye-Olympic yenhlangano ngamalungelo abantu, okukhulume ngokumelene nobuhlanga. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili kamuva, lapho uNorman efa, uCarlos noSmith babethwala ibhokisi lakhe.
15. 1972, eMunich: ayikho isikhangiso
Okumangalisa kakhulu, kodwa kulezi zindawo ze-Olimpiki ukugijima kwezemidlalo kwakungenye yezemidlalo phakathi kwezemidlalo zasehlobo. U-skier wase-Austria uKarl Schrange wayengenelungelo lokubonakala egibele i-T-shirt ngokuprinta kwekhofi yokukhangisa emdlalweni webhola, okwakubhekwa njengokwesekela. Okusho ukuthi, uSrrantz wayeka ukubhekwa njengomuntu oyisidingo, futhi ngokusho kwemithetho ye-Olympic Charter, okwakwenza ngaleso sikhathi, ochwepheshe babengavunyelwe ukuba bahlanganyele emidlalweni yama-Olympic. Lesi sigameko sine-resonance ebanzi futhi ekugcineni saholela ekuguqulweni kweKomidi le-Olympic International (i-IOC).
16. 1972, eMunich: loop of Korbut
Umqeqeshi wezemidlalo waseSoviet u-Olga Korbut ngokokuqala ngqa wabeka lesi sici esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, esenziwe ngemigoqo eminingi. Umqeqeshi wezemidlalo umelela ibha phezulu futhi abuyele emuva, ebambelele ezandleni zakhe. Lesi sici sikwazi ukuphindaphinda kuphela u-Elena Mukhina, owathuthukisa nge-screw. Okwamanje, "i-loop Korbut" ayinqatshelwe yimithetho yokuzivocavoca, tk. Abagijimi abavunyelwe ukuma ezindaweni ezingavumelekile.
17. Ngo-1972, eMunich: ibhasikidi ekhwabanisa
Ukugcina komdlalo we-basketball kule miklamo ye-Olympic kubhekwa njengomdlalo ophikisana kakhulu kusukela ngo-1936, lapho umdlalo ufakwe ohlelweni lwe-Olimpiki. Izintandokazi eziqhubekayo - ithimba lase-US - ilahlekelwe iqoqo eqenjini le-USSR. Kubonakala kungavamile, kodwa umphumela womdlalo wanquma imizuzwana emithathu. Ngesizathu esithile, i-siren ibonakale emasekhondi angu-3 ngaphambili, futhi isitophuwashi kwakudingeka ibuyele emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yeziphambeko zobuchwepheshe, ithimba laseSoviet lavunyelwa ukungena ibhola kathathu, nakuba kwakudingeka ligcwaliswe ngemuva kokuqala noma, kunikezwe izinkinga zobuchwepheshe, okokufaka kwesibili. Umdlalo uphele ngomphumela we-51-50, amaphuzu amabili okuqeda iqembu le-USSR aletha ibhola, ehola ngesigamu sokugcina. Ithimba laseMelika lenqaba ukwamukela indondo yesiliva futhi ayihambanga emcimbini wokubonga. Njengabachwepheshe abaningi bamazwe omhlaba, abadlali bebhola laseBamerican banqaba ukubona imiphumela yalowo mdlalo okhwabanisayo.
18. 1976, i-Montreal: i-akhawunti iphakeme kunezinga eliphezulu
Umqeqeshi wezemidlalo waseRomania uNadia Komaneci, ekhuluma ngemigoqo engalingani, waba ngumdlali wokuqala, owathola amaphuzu ayishumi. Kwakungeke kulindeleke ukuthi abahluleli bangakholelwa masinyane amehlo abo, njengoba bekukholelwa ukuthi umkhawulo we-akhawunti obekwe kwibhodi yaba ngu-9.99.
19. 1976, Montreal: Boris the Counterfeiter
UBois Onischenko, owayengumqhubi wezombusazwe waseSoviet, utholakale enecala lokukhwabanisa. Enkembeni yakhe kwakhiwe inkinobho angakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuvala uchungechunge bese uvula isibani sokukhanya esilungisa umjovo womjovo. Futhi nakuba ngemuva kokungena esikhundleni sekrele, ngokuthembeka wathola ukulwa okuningi ngokulandelana, lokhu akuzange kumsindise kusukela ekungafanelekile kuze kube phakade nokunciphisa yonke imiklomelo.
20. 1980, eMoscow: isenzo "sesigamu salo"
Umdlali wePoland uVladislav Kazakevich, owawunqoba igolide e-pedal vaulting, wabizwa ngokwengeziwe ngesenzo sakhe "esigamu," esabonisa umphakathi owamcasula, owayegula umdlali weSoviet waseVolkov. Wayefuna ngisho nokunciphisa indondo, kodwa iqembu lasePoland laqinisekisa abahluleli ukuthi lesi senzo asiyinto yokuhlambalaza, kodwa kubangelwa ukuqhuma kwemisipha.
21. 1984, Los Angeles: ukuwa ngemuva kokushayisana
Phakathi nomncintiswano wamakhilomitha angu-3000, i-American Mary Decker, ebiza i-medal yegolide, yawela ematsheni emva kokushayisana neNingizimu Afrika, i-Ash Buld, eyayise-UK, futhi ayikwazanga ukuqedela umncintiswano. Ngemuva kochungechunge lwezinsolo ezithintekayo akuzange kucacise ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka ozayo, lapho emincintiswaneni yase-UK i-American iMelika iphumelele ukunqoba igolide ngale ndlela, wakwazi ukugubha isandla sikaBudd futhi avume ukuthi isizathu sokuwa kwakhe kuma-Olympics kwakungavamile ukuba asebenze phakathi kwenani elikhulu labahlanganyeli.
22. 1984, Los Angeles: I-Twins 'Trick
Umdlali wePuerto Rican uMadeleine de Jesu ngemuva kokufika okungenakuphumelela ekujuleni okukhulu kuye wanquma ukufaka endaweni yakhe futhi athumele udadewabo wewele ukuze agijimise umzila odluliselwe ku-4 kuya ku-400 emjikelezweni owufanelekayo. Akekho osola noma yini eqenjini leqembu leqembu lalinamathuba amahle. Kodwa-ke, umqeqeshi weqembu likazwelonke waba yindoda ecacile futhi waxosha iqembu kusukela ekugcineni ngemuva kokufunda ngokufaka endaweni.
23. 1988, iSeoul: igolide, naphezu kokulimala
Lesi sithombe sibonisa ngokucacile indlela uGreg Luganis, umdlali wezemidlalo evelele waseMelika, oshaya ikhanda lakhe ngokumelene ne-springboard ngesikhathi sokukhishwa. Naphezu kokuthi ephule ikhanda lakhe egazini futhi kunzima ukuqeda ukuphuma, ngosuku olulandelayo wanqoba ukunqoba futhi wanqoba indondo yakhe yesithathu yegolide, ngaphambi kwesitha sakhe esiseduze ngamaphuzu angu-26.
24. 1988, i-Seoul: i-doping eyikhulu lama dollar
Ngokokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-1928, ekutholeni uphawu lwamamitha ayikhulu eqenjini likazwelonke laseCanada, uBen Johnson washaywa igolide izinsuku ezintathu kamuva, lapho kutholakala ukuthi i-steroids itholwe egazini lakhe. Njengoba umqeqeshi wakhe kamuva wathi, cishe bonke abadlali ngaleso sikhathi basebenzisa i-steroids, futhi uJohnson wayengomunye wabaningi abanjwe.
25. 1988, iSeoul: ukwahlulela okungalungile
Ngesikhathi umdlalo wokugcina phakathi kwebhokisi laseMelika uRoy Jones neSouth Korea Pak Sihun ukunqoba kwanikezelwa kulo mdlalo wokugcina, kwakumangalisa wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nomnqobi ngokwakhe. UJones wahlukunyezwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ezintathu (ngokungafani nabaqeqeshi ababhekene nezingxabano ezingu-12, abathandi abango-3 kuphela), emjikelezweni wesibili, isiKorea kwaze kwadingeka ukubala phansi "ukuma" kokungqongqoza. Ezingxenyeni zombili, ngaphandle kokuqala, uJonathan wenza izimpondo ezinembile kunesiSihun sokulwa konke. Le mpi isabhekwa njengenye yezinto ezingalungile emlandweni webhokisi, ngokuyinhloko kubonga kuye ebhokisini le-amateur kwaqaliswa uhlelo olusha lokufaka amagoli.
26. 2000, eSydney: I-jumping base eyingozi
Umqeqeshi wezemidlalo wase-Australia u-Alanna Slater wachaza umbono wokuthi i-projectile ye-jump jump yayisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, futhi uma lilinganiselwa, lalingamamentimitha amahlanu ngaphansi kwezinga elidingekayo. Abadlali abahlanu bavunyelwe ukukhuluma futhi, kodwa bangaki ama-gymnast aphuma emncintiswaneni kuze kube yilapho i-projectile isethelwe ekuphakameni okufunayo.
27. 2000, eSydney: i-nurofen enobuqili
Lapho umqeqeshi wezemidlalo waseRomania u-Andrea Radukan phakathi neMidlalweni ethatha umkhuhlane, udokotela weqembu likazwelonke wamnika i-nurofen - i-antipyretic eyaziwayo, okungenayo i-prescription engathengwa kunoma iyiphi ikhemisi. Udokotela akazange ahlole ukuthi ukwakheka kwalesi sidakamizwa kubandakanya i-pseudoephedrine, efakwe i-IOC kuhlu lwamadakamizwa avinjelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mdlali wezemidlalo wayenqatshelwe igolide kumuntu wakhe wonke nxazonke. Nokho, iKomidi le-Olimpiki likhumbula ukuthi lesi sigameko sasiwumphumela wokunganakeki kukadokotela, ngakho-ke izindondo ezimbili ezisele, igolide lesibili nesiliva, zashiya umqeqeshi wokuzivocavoca.
28. 2004, i-Athens: i-marathon engaphumeleli
Ngemuva kokugijima umncintiswano omkhulu, iBrithani uPaul Radcliffe, owenze irekhodi lomhlaba engakashaywanga ngalesi sikhathi ngo-2002, wawa futhi akakwazanga ukuphakama, okwabangela ukuthi umphakathi uphendule. Umsakazo usolwa lo mdlali ukuthi akazange azame ukuqhubeka nomncintiswano; ephikisana nezizathu, wacabanga ukuthi ufuna ukuwina yonke indlela, kodwa, eqaphela ukuthi wayengaphansi kweJapan Mizuki Noguchi, wakhetha ukumisa umdlalo, njll. Ekugcineni, umbono womphakathi wancike ohlangothini lukaRadcliffe, kanti lo mshini wamangalelwa ngokuthi uphathe umgijimi kabi kakhulu ngoba wayengowesifazane.
29. 2008, Beijing: iminyaka ephikisanayo
U-Kexin, umqeqeshi wama-gym waseShayina owaphumelela emidlalweni emibili yegolide, nabanye abakhe ababili beba yinto ehlaselayo ehambisana nobudala bezinto eziphilayo. Nakuba uKesin eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala ngesikhathi semidlalo, ukubukeka kwakhe akuhambisani neze nonyaka - wayebukeka kakhulu kuncane, futhi kwakukhona nokungabaza okuqinisekile mayelana nemibhalo eqinisekisiwe ubudala. U-IOC wabe eseqala uphenyo ngesicelo sezithombe zomndeni kanye namaphepha engeziwe, kodwa akukho lutho olungafunyanwa, futhi ukukhwabanisa kwakunzima.
30. 2008, Beijing: Ukuhlaselwa kweJaji
Phakathi nohambo lwesithathu lokulwa endaweni yesithathu, uTaekwondoist waseCuban u-Angel Matos walimala futhi wacela isikhathi esithile. Ngenkathi, emva komzuzu ovunyelwe, akazange abuyele empini, ukunqoba kwemithetho wanikezwa umphikisana naye. ICuban evuthayo yaphoqa ijaji elihlangene futhi yamshaya ubuso bomdlali. Ngokuziphatha okunjalo okungahambisani nomthengisi, umdlali nomqeqeshi wakhe babengavunyelwe ukuphila.
31. 2012, eLondon: ihora ngaphambi kokunqotshwa
Emidlalweni yokugcina ucingo ngezinkemba, umdlali waseNingizimu Korea uShin A Lam wayeyinto eyodwa ngaphambi kwesifazane waseJalimane uBrith Heidemann, lapho ukwehluleka kwesitophuwashi kwanika inhlanhla yesibili i-Swordsman, futhi lokho kwakwanele ukuba enze amagoli ambalwa amagoli kumphikisi wakhe. Ukunqoba kwanikezwa isiJalimane. U-Lam wakhala ngokukhala izinyembezi futhi wafuna ukubuyekezwa kwemiphumela. Njengoba ngokuvumelana nemithetho yocingo, uma umgijimi ehamba endleleni, uyavuma ukuhlukunyezwa, uLam ngehora, ngenkathi abahluleli bevuma, bahlala enkundleni. Nokho, ekugcineni, abahluleli babalwa ukunqoba kwakhe.
32. 2012, London: Kwabaningi baseMelika
Ngokomphumela webhola elifanelekayo, umqeqeshi wezemidlalo waseMelika uJordin Weber wayengowesine ohlwini lwesigaba ngasinye, kodwa akazange afinyelele ekugcineni. Ngokomthetho weMidlalo yama-Olimpiki, izwe elilodwa alikwazi ukukhetha abadlali abangaphezu kweyesibili ngomncintiswano ngokuphakama okuphelele. Njengoba indawo yesibili nowesithathu nayo ithathwe ngabaseMelika, u-Weber akazange avunyelwe ekupheleni, kanti abadlali abavela kwamanye amazwe baphumelela, nakuba babehola amaphuzu amancane.
33. 2016, eRio de Janeiro: isikhalazo esikhulu sokudlwengula
Ihlazo elikhulu kakhulu lama-Olympic wamanje kwakususwa kweqembu lesithathu laseRussia ekuhlanganyeleni emidlalweni mayelana nokuphenywa okwenziwa yi-World Anti-Doping Agency. Ngesikhathi uphenyo kutholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi se-Winter Olympics eSochi ngo-2014 eRussia kwakukhona uhlelo lokubamba iqhaza kombuso ngokubamba iqhaza kwamasevisi akhethekile, ngokusekelwe kokufaka ama-sampula okudoping kwabadlali beRussia. Emuva ngoJulayi, kwakungacaci ukuthi iqembu laseRussia lizovunyelwa yini ukuba lihlanganyele ema-Olympic nhlobo, kodwa i-IOC yanciphisa isikhundla sayo futhi kunqunywa ukuba ihlole ukhetho lomdlali ngamunye ngabanye. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhundleni sabadlali abangu-387 eRio bavunyelwe ukuthumela 279.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-September 2015, i-mildonia - i-cardioprotector, okwandisa ukukhuthazela nokuthuthukisa ukululama ngemuva kokudlulela ngokweqile - kwafakwa ohlwini lwamalungiselelo angavunyelwe. Kuthengiswe e-USSR eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule, lesi sidakamizwa sasithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezemidlalo zaseRussia. Ngemuva kukaJanuwari 1, 2016, ngesikhathi kuvinjelwa ukuvinjelwa, amasampuli amahle atholakala phakathi kwabaningi bezemidlalo, abaningi babo ababevela eRussia, okwakungesizathu esithile esisemthethweni sokuphikisa ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa nge-meldon kungokwemvelo.