Igama elithi "euphemism" lisho inkulumo engathathi hlangothi efaka inkulumo engalungile yokwenza umbhalo uwedlule noma ubekwe eceleni. Abezombusazwe, izazi zezenhlalakahle kanye nabakhangisi basebenzisa indawo enjalo, besebenzisa i-stylistic idivaysi eseduze. Ungafunda kanjani lobu buci futhi ubheke kahle izilinganiso ezinjalo?
Kuyini "uphemism"?
I-Euphemism igama elingathathi hlangothi noma incazelo esetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni sokungalungi noma okungalungile. Leli gama lafika kithi kusukela ezikhulwini ze-Ancient Greece, futhi ekuhunyushweni kusho "inkulumo enhle". Le divayisi yesitayela isetshenziswa:
- emkhakheni wezepolitiki, ukudukisa noma ukuphatha amaqiniso;
- ezintweni eziphrintiwe ukuze zithathele iziqalekiso noma amagama angcolile kusuka esiteshini esiseduze.
Isidingo sezinsolo ezinjalo sasisuka ngesikhathi sezilimi, lapho kungavunyelwe ukubiza amagama onkulunkulu noma izifo eziyingozi, nezinye izimo zemvelo. Kamuva, ngesikhathi sobuKristu, igama elithi "ukungcola" lithathe indawo yokukhumbula uSathane. Indima ye-euphmisms yanda kakhulu embuthaneni wezinhloko, uma imithetho ye-etiquette idinga ama-allegories amaningi. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ukufana okunjalo okubhalwe phansi kwamagama kufaka esikhundleni samagama angcolile nomlingani.
Imisebenzi ye-euphemisms
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-euphmisms kuchazwa yisifiso sokugwema ukungqubuzana, ukungaqondi kahle, ukugcinwa kokuziphatha okukhulumisana , ukuzama ukudala isimo esimnandi somxhumanisi. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yale divayisi yezitayela:
- Chaza isenzo noma into elula, hhayi ehlasele: "kunzima ukuzwa" kunokuthi "izithulu".
- Ukufihla isici sangempela, incazelo yegama: "isikhungo" esikhundleni se "prison", "okukhethekile" - "olahlwa".
- Ukufihla umphakathi jikelele incazelo eqinisweni yombhalo: "umsebenzi okhokhelwa kakhulu ngamantombazane ngaphandle kwama-complexes" - "ubufebe".
Izigaba zokusebenzisa ama-euphmisms
Ama-Euphmisms athuthukile emlandweni futhi aqhubeka nokuxhaswa, angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili:
- Constant . Kukhona iminyaka eminingi.
- Azinzile . Kusetshenziswe esimweni esithile lapho kushintsha amagama.
Amagama-ama-euphmisms asetshenziswe kuzo zonke izigaba ukuguqula umthwalo wokukhuluma ngokomzwelo nesimiso semantic. Esimeni somuntu siqu bayashintsha izincazelo:
- izinqubo zokuphila: "ukugula kwesifazane" - ukuya esikhathini;
- izingxenye ze-trunk, ezixhunywe engxenyeni engezansi, ezitho zangasese;
- ubudlelwano phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane .
Emkhakheni wezenhlalakahle, i-euphemism ithandwa kakhulu, isetshenziselwa ukufihla iqiniso:
- izingxoxiswano zezombusazwe;
- ukucindezelwa yiziphathimandla noma imizimba yokujezisa;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezempi kanye nezimfihlo;
- umsebenzi wezinhlaka zomthetho;
- ubudlelwano emiphakathini kazwelonke;
Ama-Eifemisms kumaphephandaba
Imisebenti ye-euphmisms emaphephandabeni iyahlala efanako, isetshenziselwa kuhlanganiswa lokulandzelako:
- Umsebenzi wezikhulu zikahulumeni: "iziphathimandla ezifanele" - "izinsizakalo zombuso";
- Izincazelo zempi yezempi: "ukuhlanzwa kwensimu" - "ukubhujiswa";
- Isethulo sezinhlelo zezomnotho: "ipiramidi yezimali" - "ukukhwabanisa imali";
- Ukuqokwa kwamaqembu kazwelonke noma ezenhlalakahle: "umuntu ongenalo indawo yokuhlala yokuhlala" - "abangenamakhaya", "i-African-American" - "Negro".
- Amagama ezinyathelo zomgomo wangaphandle: "izwe elingenayo i-unipolar" "lisho iMelika."
Ama-Euphmisms ku-Inthanethi Yokuxhumana
Ama-Euphmisms ezinkulumweni zanamuhla zesiRashiya akhiwa ngokucabangela ubuchwepheshe obusha nemigomo, inqubo yokushintshwa okunjalo ingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo emsebenzini wokukhuluma womuntu. Isidingo sezinhlamvu ezintsha singavela ngezizathu ezintathu:
- amasiko;
- ukuziphatha;
- kwengqondo.
Njengoba kuzo zonke izindawo zokuxoxa nezinkundla zezinkulumo ezihlambalazayo kungavunyelwe, izinkulumo ezihlambalazayo zishintshwa yizifanekiselo zokubhala noma "ukuhlonishwa" kwegama. Okufanayo kusebenza ekuchazeni izimpahla zesitolo socansi noma izinga lezinsizakalo eziseduze. Abathengi basungula izinhlamvu zabo, beqondakala kuphela kubo, kaningi kubhekisela emakethe okungekho emthethweni noma okusemthethweni okuthengiswa kwe-intanethi, lapho izinto noma imikhiqizo yobuciko zithengiswa khona.
Ama-Euphmisms ekukhangiseni
Esebenzisa ngobuchule kakhulu u-euphemism ekukhangiseni, abantu baka-PR bazama ukugwema izinkulumo ezicasula noma ezihlukanisa umthengi ongakwazi ukuthenga. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kwi-PR yemithi nezimonyo, lapho kubalulekile ukuchaza zonke izinhlangothi eziphumelelayo ngendlela emboziwe: "isisombululo sohudo" - "usizo ngohudo." Izici zendabuko zale ngqikithi ematheksthini wokukhangisa:
- Ukunciphisa amagama angahle abonakale engcolile, ukulimaza inzuzo noma isithombe senhlangano: "imikhiqizo engcono kakhulu kwezocansi" - "ukusiza ekwenzeni uthando."
- Ukuqedwa kwabancintisana ebhizinisini: "umkhiqizo wethu ophumelelayo, ngokungafani nenye."
- Ukugwema isihloko sobudala, ikakhulukazi ekuchazeni impahla yabesifazane: "ukhilimu wabesifazane abaguga" - "indlela enhle kakhulu yokuvuselela."
Ukuphefumula kwezombusazwe
Ukulungiswa kwezombusazwe kudinga ukugwema amazwi ahlukumeza imizwa nesithunzi sabantu, ngakho-ke ubuciko bokuthi u-uphemism kubangosopolitiki buhlonishwa ezingeni eliphezulu. Ama-euphmisms alungile kwezopolitiki ngamazwi:
- ukunciphisa ubandlululo ngeminyaka yobudala: "indoda endala" - "umuntu okhulile";
- kungabandakanyi ukuhlaziywa kwabantu abakhubazekile noma abalahlwa ngokwengqondo : "ukukhubazeka, ukukhubazeka" - "umuntu onesidingo esikhethekile";
- ukufihla isimo sengqondo esibucayi kubantu abangahlonishwayo: "umshini wokubamba umshini" - "milkmaid";
- ukuphazamisa izenzakalo ezingathandeki emnothweni: "izinyathelo ezingathandeki" - "ukwanda kwentela."
Uphemism wezocansi
Yini i-euphemism ishoyo ngemigomo ehlobene nocansi? Lawa magama ashintshela imishwana engalungile yengxoxo ezindaweni zomphakathi: "ipeni", "isisu", "i-orgasm". Ukushintshwa okunjalo kuthandwa kakhulu kumanethiwekhi omphakathi, lapho amazwana enziwe ngokufinyelela okukhulu, futhi phakathi kwezivakashi lapho kungenzeka kube nabancane. Umqondo we-euphemism uvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezingqinamba - ukulandelela kwezinye izilimi, abasanda kuvula amablogi baqala ukusebenzisa "abathintekayo", abathandwayo nabaseYurophu. Okuvamile kunazo zonke:
- EmaSpain inkulumo ethi "shiya ukhulelwe" ingena esikhundleni "phonsa iphasela". "Ipenisi enamandla" abiza ngokuthi "iqembu likaDracula."
- AmaFulentshi athi "Ngifuna ukulala" ichazwe ngokuthi "ama-muss agxuma," kodwa mayelana nenkosikazi ephethe isifuba saggy ithi "uqale ukunikeza ushintsho".
- Owesifazane waseJapane onobuso obubi, kodwa umuntu omuhle kakhulu obizwa ngokuthi "baku-hsiang" - "emuva okuhle."