Phakathi kwemifino yomndeni wakwaCruciferae cishe zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ziyi-biennials. Iklabishi ekhulayo ikhule kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo - i-rapeseed, isithombo noma ukuhlwanyela isithombo. Inqwaba yeklabishi, ukumelana nesithwathwa kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-hybrid kubhekwa njengenzuzo yale mifino.
Ukutshala iklabishi omhlophe
Njengoba iklabishi i-biennial, ngonyaka wokuqala yenza amaqabunga aphuzi-grey kuphela ebusweni obubushelelezi, eduze eduze komunye nomunye. Ulwazi lokulungisa kahle iklabishi elimhlophe ngokuvunwa okuphezulu alanele: kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuhlukahluka, uhlelo lokutshala, ukwakheka kokufaka umanyolo nezinye izici. Ukulungiselela ukutshala kuhlanganisa:
- Ukususwa kokhula. Iklabishi iqala ukuhlushwa izifo uma imibhede ngaphansi kwayo yayingazange ikhule kahle futhi ihlulwe ukhula. Eduze nabo, ama-cabbages cishe awahlali.
- Ukwakha ungqimba olufanele lomhlabathi. Ingxenye ephezulu yombhede kufanele ihlanganiswe ne-loam: ukutshala iklabishi omhlophe kudinga okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-humus ngezinga eliphansi lama-asidi noma ngaphandle kwabo.
- Ukuqhutshwa kwe-Autumn kwesayithi. Ngemuva kokuvuna imifino yangaphambili, umhlaba ukhululiwe futhi kusetshenziselwa izinto ezincane zokwakheka i-lime - ufulawa noma i-dolomite.
Indlela yokutshala izithombo zeklabishi ezimhlophe?
Iningi labalimi likhetha izithombo ukukhiqiza imbewu. Inzuzo yalo enkulu yithuba lokuvuna ngonyaka wokuqala, uma nje imbewu isetshenziswe izinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala. Ukutshala iklabishi omhlophe ezitshalweni zomhlabathi kunciphise kakhulu isikhathi sokuhlala kwemifino emgodini, kuyilapho ukunciphisa izingozi zokubukeka nezinye izifo. Iqukethe izigaba eziningana:
- Ukutshala epatini noma epulasitiki epulasitiki encane. Uma udluliselwa emhlabathini, uhlelo lwempande lonakaliswe kalula, ngakho lungavinjelwa ngokuvimbela ukusabalala kwalo. Isiqukathi sepulasitiki singanqunywa futhi sibekwe ngodaka lwebumba emgodini embhedeni.
- Ukulungiselela imithombo. Engadini bahlamba izimbobo ezijulile ezingaphansi kwezingu-10 cm. Ngamunye wabo bafaka i-humus encane.
- Ukudlula izithombo. Ukuze kulungiswe iklabishi omhlophe emhlabathini, inhlabathi akufanele ihlanganiswe: ungqimba oluphezulu lufafazwe ngomhlabathi owomile, uma ufisa, ngokuwuhlanganisa nge-sawdust noma izinaliti.
Indlela yokutshala imbewu emhlophe iklabishi?
Ukutshala i-Bezrassadnaya kunikeza isiko lemifino inzuzo ebalulekile: uhlelo lwempande lwakhiwa ngaphandle kokuthi "ukucindezeleka" ngendlela yokufakelwa, ngakho-ke sekukhuphukele ukuzivikela emakhazeni nasezifo. Ukukhula kwengxenye yendiza kumiswe okwesikhashana ngenxa yokutshala kabusha kwezinsuku ezingu-10-15. Ukutshala imbewu yemhlophe iklabishi Kunconywa kuloluhlelo:
- Ukuqothulwa kwembewu. Ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu inamanzi amahora angu-2-3 kwisisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate ukuqinisekisa ukuvimbela ukubola kanye "nomlenze omnyama".
- Imbewu yokuhlwanyela. Bajatshulelwa enhlabathini enomvu ka 2-3 cm ngezindawo ezingu-3-4 izidleke ngasinye, amahlumela okuqala avela ngosuku olungu-7-9 emva kokuhlwanyela.
- Ukukhululeka ngemuva kokuvela kweqabunga lokuqala le-cotyledonous. Uma ingxenye yesitshalo ibukeka ibuthakathaka noma ibonakalisiwe, ichithekile embhedeni.
Kude kangakanani ukutshala iklabishi omhlophe?
Ukuqapha ibanga elithile phakathi kwezitshalo kuyadingeka ukuze izimpande zabo zingathandana, kanti amaqabunga awanasifo nezifo ezikhona ekhanda elingumakhelwane. Ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa, elibonile lapho ukhiqiza iklabishi omhlophe, kuxhomeke ezihlukahlukene kanye nobukhulu bekhanda:
- isisindo sikakishi iklabishi kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2.5 kg - 30 cm;
- isisindo sesisindo kuze kufike ku-4 kg - 40 cm;
- isisindo sesisindo esivela ku-4 kg nangaphezulu - 50 cm.
Indawo yokutshala iklabishi omhlophe
Kufanelekile ukutshala inhlabathi ehlwanyelwe, ecebile ku-peat noma i-nitrogen. Umhlabathi omuncu namanzi usongela le mifino nge-bacteriosis. Ukutshala iklabishi omhlophe emhlabathini kuyadingeka ukuthi izandulela ezifanele - amazambane, ukhukhamba kanye nemifino. Uhlu lweminye imithetho yokukhetha isayithi kuhlanganisa:
- amanzi angcolile enhlabathini ukuze kutholakale ukufinyelela kwe-air;
- Izinga elijwayelekile lokukhanya - ngaphandle kwelanga elivulekile nesithunzi esinamandla;
- "I-backstage" kusuka ezitshalweni ezide kumabhedeni angomakhelwane;
- indawo kude ukusuka emithini yezithelo.
Imigomo yokutshala iklabishi omhlophe
Isikhathi sokutshala izithombo noma imbewu emhlabathini ovulekile noma ukushisa okushisa kuxhomeke esifundeni nasezikhathini zayo zezulu. Iklabishi ayiyona "yokutshala izitshalo zokuqala", ezidluliselwa endaweni ehlala njalo yokukhula emva kokushisa kokuqala. Ukutshala nokunakekelwa iklabishi omhlophe kungashintshwa ngenxa yezimo zezulu, kodwa kuyasiza ukuqondisa lapho uhlwanyela izithombo ngezikhathi ezilandelayo:
- izindawo eziseningizimu - ngo-10-15 kuNcwaba;
- umzila ophakathi phakathi kukaMashi 25-30;
- izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esinzima - May 1-15.
Iklabishi ekhulayo ekhulayo emhlabathini ovulekile
Emva kokudluliselwa emhlabathini kufanele kudlule okungenani izinsuku ezingama-20, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ukuqonda ukuthi yisiphi isithombo esinikeze amahlumela aphumelelayo, nokuthi yikuphi-ayobe eseqinile. Ngokupholisa okungazelelwe, amahlumela angafakwa ngopula epulasitiki amasonto amabili. Njengoba izimfihlo eziyinhloko zokukhishwa iklabishi omhlophe zibhekwa:
- Ukuthatha ngesikhathi. Uma izitshalo zingahambi kahle ekukhuleni embhedeni, zisusa amanye amaqabunga afile noma ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zempande.
- Ukukhululeka ngemva kwemvula. Inhlabathi ehlonishwayo ihanjiswe ekujuleni kwe-3-5 cm.
- Ukuvimbela ekukhuleni. Amaqabunga angaphandle ahluma ngaphandle kwemifino anqunywe ukwandisa ubuningi besitshalo.
Okuphawulekayo koklabishi omhlophe okhulayo - ukuchelela
Emva kokudluliselwa emhlabathini, izithombo ziphuziswa kakhulu ngosuku olulandelayo, ziqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ngaphansi komsuka. Izitshalo ezikhulayo zeklabishi elimhlophe esikhathini esizayo zithatha uhlelo olunjalo lokuchelela:
- 1-2 amasonto emva kokudlula - zonke izinsuku ezingu-2-3;
- 3-4 amasonto - 1 isikhathi ezinsukwini ezingu-5;
- kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbili - kanye ngesonto.
Iklabishi elimhlophe elikhulayo - ukugqoka okuphezulu
Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo ophephile ophilayo kuvumela ukwandisa isivuno futhi kuphuthumise inqubo yokuvuthwa imifino. Umuthi ohlaza obuningi ungahlinzeka uma uqala ukondla iklabishi izinsuku ezingu-20 ngemuva kokutshala endaweni evulekile. Ingqikithi yesikhathi sokukhula kwayo, kuzodingeka ukuthi wenze ukukhiqizwa kwenhlabathi okungama-3-5 ngamanyolo afakwe emanzini afudumele okunisela. Umanyolo ofanele wokutshala iklabishi omhlophe ufakwe kuhlu olulandelayo:
- i-mullein ;
- superphosphate ;
- i-nitrofosca ;
- i-potassium sulfate;
- izinkukhu zezinkukhu.
Ukunakekela iklabishi omhlophe ensimini
Ngaphandle kokunisela nokufaka umanyolo ngesikhathi esifanele, iklabishi iyadingeka futhi ukunakekelwa kwe-arch. Okungenani kanye ngenyanga, ungqimba oluphezulu lwenhlabathi luye lwasetshenziswa nge-turf emhlabathini noma i-substrate ngomlotha. Akwanele ukuqonda indlela yokunakekela iklabishi omhlophe - kubalulekile ukuqapha isimo sayo njalo, ukuhlola amaqabunga kanye nomsuka wesitshalo. Uma kunesidingo sokwenza ukwelashwa, ukulungiswa okukhethiwe kuhlanganiswe namanzi bese kufafazwa ngamahlamvu esitshalo.
Izifo zeklabishi
Imifino iyakwazi ukulungiselela amalungiselelo okwelapha, kodwa akukhuthazwa ukuyiphatha ngamakhemikhali anobuthi. Lokhu kuhlobanisa inqubo yokulwa nezinye izifo, ngakho-ke ukuxilongwa okufika kwesikhathi kubonakala ekuvimbeleni ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka emibhedeni. Ukukhula nokondla iklabishi omhlophe kungaphazamisa umlimi wensimu ngesinye sezifo ezilandelayo:
- Iklabishi imikhomo. Ukuphazamisa ukhunta kuthinta amaqabunga amancane noma izitshalo ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo. Mhlawumbe bangakwazi ngisho nokutshala izithombo. Empandeni kanye namaqabunga avela ku-fungus avela ukukhula okubi.
- Umkhuhlane we-Powdery. Kubizwa nangokuthi i-peronosporosis - le fungus ithinta zonke izinhlobonhlobo zeklabishi ngengubo emhlophe kanye namathanga ombala ophuzi.
- I-Fusarium. Iklabishi elimhlophe livame ukugqilaza le fungus, elibonakalayo kuphela lapho lisika iqabunga. Inyama yesitshalo ihlanganiswe nemifino eluhlaza.
- I-virus kaMose. Ngethuluzi elingcolile nabathengisi bezinambuzane, ufinyelela ezingxenyeni ezinzima zamaqabunga eklabishi futhi kubangele izinguquko ezingenakuguquka kuyo. Kuyo kuvela ama-necrotic patches, ngenxa yokuthi amaqabunga abuna futhi afe.
- Umlenze omnyama. Ngokutshala okuqinile, ukuchelela ngokweqile noma ukukhanya okwanele, isibeletho somswakama siba mnyama futhi sinciphise ezitshalweni. Izithombo ezincane zikhubazekile futhi ziyawa.
- Ukubola okumhlophe. Lesi sifo esithathelwanayo sifana nesibumba. Uhlanganisa amaqabunga ekhishibishi ngamacici amhlophe amacembe anezingubo zokuthi "i-fluffy".
Iklabishi izinambuzane
Ngaphezu kwezilonda ezithathelwanayo nezifungayo, kunezifo ezibangelwa izinambuzane . Banezibonakaliso ezivamile: impande yenkambiso yemifino iyomisa, amaqabunga abonisa i-plaque kanye ne-foci ye-desiccation. Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane zeklabishi kungenziwa kokubili amakhambi omuntu, kanye namalungiselelo ochwepheshe okuthiwa ama- insecticide . Emibhedeni nalesi sitshalo, kunezifo eziningi ezifana nalokhu:
- Spring iklabishi fly. Inambuzane ehamba ngezinyawo kuqala ithinta izimpande zesitshalo, bese iqala ukudla izimpande izitshalo.
- Iklabishi isikole. Lezi zinambuzane zidala ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kweklabishi, ngoba izibungu zalezi zindwangu zondla amaqabunga ashisayo.
- Iklabishi i-aphid. I-phosphate encane yokuncelisa imiswe ngamakoloni esihlahleni seklabishi, ithola umswakama kanye nezakhi ezivela kubo.
- I-Cruciferae. Ukubhubhisa iphuzu lokukhula, inambuzane ihamba emigodini emaqabunga.