Indima enkulu isintu ubhontshisi, ukutshala nokunakekelwa emhlabathini ovulekile wezitshalo ezingapheli - ithuba elihle kakhulu lokwenza izitokisi zokudla okuphezulu-khalori, hhayi okuphansi kokubaluleka kokudla okumnandi. Ukuhlakulela kwalesi siko kuwumsebenzi owusizo, uthola ubhontshisi obumnandi, ngesikhathi esisodwa ugcwalisa insimu ngamakhemikhali e-nitrogen.
Ungalungisa kanjani ubhontshisi bokutshala?
Cishe zonke izitshalo zithanda umhlabathi ovundile ovundile ongasetshenzisiwe noma ongaphenduli kahle. Emazweni anephesenti enkulu yobumba namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, lezi zitshalo zikhula kabi. Imhlabathi embi ifakwa ngamalungiselelo e-nitrogen-potassium phosphate, kodwa kulokhu kuyisifiso sokuqapha. I-nitrogen eyengeziwe yenza ukukhula kobumnyama obuhlaza kubangele isivuno. Abaqalayo babuzwa imibuzo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyadingeka yini ugcwale ubhontshisi ngaphambi kokutshala, yiziphi ubhontshisi azifanele ukuhlwanyela, ngakho sizobe sibhala izinyathelo eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wokulungiselela.
Ukulungiselela ubhontshisi bokutshala:
- Ukuhlwanyela imbewu, ubhontshisi obonakaliswe yi-grinders, imbewu engeyona ejwayelekile yezinhlobonhlobo ezinikeziwe, futhi izinto ezigulayo azifanelekile.
- Ukufaka ubhontshisi ngaphambi kokutshala nokushiya emhlabathini ovulekile, siphuthuma kakhulu ukubonakala kwamagciwane. Amabhontshisi afakwa emanzini aqhakazile ubusuku obunye (kufika emahoreni angu-15).
- Ebusuku bokuhlwanyela, ungakwazi ukucubungula ubhontshisi nge microfertilizers ne-boric acid. Thatha u-2 g we-ammonium molybdate no-2 g we-boric acid, uwachithe ebhaketheni lamanzi bese ushisa ukushisa kwe-liquid kuya lokushisa kwama-40 ° C. Emalungiselelweni atholakalayo sidlulisa imbewu emaminithini amahlanu ngosuku lokutshala. Yini enhle ngamabhontshisi alungiselelwe kulokhu kuhlanganiswa ukutshala nokunakekelwa kwamahabhonji aphethwe emhlabathini ovulekile kusiza ukulwa nezilokazane futhi kwandisa izinga lokusinda kwamahlumela.
Ukutshala ubhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile
Izinhlobo zalesi siko zihlukaniswe zibe yizinyosi nezihlahla, kuye ngokuthi lokhu, ukutshala ubhontshisi entwasahlobo emhlabathini ovulekile kanye nokunakekelwa kwesitshalo kungase kube okuhlukile. Amafomu e-Shrub akhula abe ngu-0.4-0.6 m ukuphakama. Zifanele indlela yokuhlwanyelwa kahle, ukuzithoba. Izinhlobonhlobo zamandla okukhula zifana namagilebhisi, izimbambo zikhula ngaphezu kuka-2 m futhi zidinga i-garter kwi-trellis. Amabhontshisi amakhulu ama-Vigna amakhulu, futhi ama-pods afika ku-50 cm ubude akhula emahlathini ayo-5-meter-high.
Ukutshala ubhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile ngembewu
Endabeni, indlela yokutshala ubhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile ngembewu, udinga ukucabangela ukumelana nesithwathwa esincane salesi sitshalo. Amahlumela avela kuye avela ngosuku lwesihlanu kanti amaqhwa amancane angabhubhisa izithelo zomsebenzi okhandlayo. Ukushisa okukhulu kokukhula kusuka ku-20 ° C kuya ku-25 ° C. Yini enomphumela omubi kubhontshisi - ukutshala nokunakekelwa emhlabathini ovulekile endaweni ebandayo, kanti usongo lokupholisa kuyadingeka ukumboza amahlumela amancane nge-agrofiber. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubeka imbewu embhedeni, umhlaba uhlanganiswe nama-rollers esindayo ukuze ugcine umswakama futhi uthuthukise ukuhluma.
Ukutshala izithombo zamabhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile
Le ndlela isetshenziselwa izifunda ezisenyakatho kanye nokulimala izinhlobo ezilindelekile, ukutshala okulungile kwamahabhontshisi ngendlela yokuhlwanyela kusiza ukuthola isivuno sezitshalo zakuqala. Ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa ngamabhontshisi avuvukile ngemuva kokungena emabhosini izinsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokutshala okuhleliwe emhlabathini ovulekile. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma, izithombo zigcinwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ngo-23-25 ° C, ngaphambi kokuba zitshalwe emibhedeni, izinga lokushisa liye lancipha libe yi-16 ° C. Emhlabathini ovulekile sidlulisela amahlumela asuselwe ngemuva kokushisa okuzinzile, ukuwabeka enhlabathini 3cm ngaphansi kwalokho abekuwo emabhodini.
Ukujula kokutshala ubhontshisi
Ukubhala imithetho eyisisekelo yokutshala ubhontshisi, awukwazi ukuphuthelwa into ebalulekile njengoba ubuningi bezinyosi bunamathele enhlabathini. Kungathembela ekutheni umhlabathi nomswakama womhlaba uhlale embhedeni, izimo zezulu. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokutshala imbewu yebhontshisi ekujuleni kwe-4-5 cm. Uma entwasahlobo ishisa futhi inhlabathi isomile, khona-ke imbewu inqamule emhlabathini inyuke ibe ngu-7 cm.
Ukutshala ibanga lamabhontshisi
Kunezindlela eziningana zokutshala ubhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile. Izihlahla ezide zivame ukutholakala eduze kocingo, eduze kwezindonga, eduze kwezihlahla nezitshalo eziphezulu zensimu. Ezidlekeni zafika ku-5-7 ubhontshisi, lapho kungekho khona izinsizakalo zemvelo zokuhlanganisa izitshalo ukwakha i-trellis noma ukugqoka izigxobo. Emibhedeni emikhulu izinhlobo ezincane ezikhulayo zobhontshisi zikhulile ngemigqa. Phakathi kwamahlumela lapho uhlwanyela emhlabathini ovulekile ushiya isikhala esingakafika ku-30 cm, phakathi kwemigqa esingayigcina ibanga elingama-40 cm.
Imigomo yokutshala ubhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile
Amahlumela amasha amabhontshisi abulawa uma kwenzeka amaqhwa asuka ku-1 ° C, futhi izihlahla ezinama-pod angapheli zingakwazi ukubekezelela ama-frosts ekuqaleni kwe-4 ° C. Endabeni yokutshala ubhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile, umuntu akufanele avumele ukusheshisa. Izitshalo ezithisa ukushisa zihlwanyelwa emva kokudlula usongo lokushisa kwentwasahlobo. Ezindaweni ezihlukene ngalesi sikhathi asifani, ngakho-ke siqondiswa yisibikezelo sezulu nesimo sendawo. E-Ukraine nasezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussia, ukuhlwanyela imisebenzi kwenziwa kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya kuhhafu yokuqala kaMeyi.
Ukunakekela ubhontshisi
Akukho ubunzima obukhulu ekunakekeleni ubhontshisi, zonke izici zokukhula ziyancishiswa kuze kususwe ukhula ngesikhathi esifanele, ukukhululeka kwenhlabathi, ukuchelela nokutshala izitshalo. Uma befisa, kungenzeka ukugqugquzela ukuhlanganiswa kwezihlahla, ukuphoqa izimpondo zesitshalo. I-hilling yenza isitshalo sezinyosi siqinile, sisiza ukugcina umswakama. Ukukhishwa kokuqala komhlabathi kwenziwa lapho amahlumela efinyelela ukuphakama kwe-1 cm, sikhiqiza inani eliphelele kuze kube ngu-6 likhulula inkathi ngayinye kuze kube yimigqa ivaliwe ngokuphelele.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwebhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile
Embuzweni omkhulu, indlela yokutshala ubhontshisi ensimini, kudingeka uqaphele ngokudla. I-nitrogen eyengeziwe ekunakekelweni iholela ekukhuleni okuqinile kwamahlamvu futhi kunciphise ekwakheni ama-pods. Ekubeni, umquba usakazeka emibhedeni kanye nama-potassium-phosphoric amalungiselelo. Ngentwasahlobo, umquba awukwazi ukufakwa ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezingu-14 ngaphambi kokutshala. Emitha yemitha imibhede inikezwa ku-8 kg we-compost, 20 g we-superphosphate nama-25 g we-fertilizer potassium. Uma kuvela amahlumela, engeza kufika ku-40 g we-superphosphate kuze kufinyelele ku-15 g we-usawoti we-potassium. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwama-pods, ungazibophezela ukugubha ngamapulangwe.
Ukukhula kwamabhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile - ukuchelela
Ukuze isivuno semabhontshisi, izimo ezikhulayo zidlala indima enkulu, ukukhula ngokweqile kuholela ekukhuleni kwamaqabunga, futhi lapho isomiso sishaya i-ovary. Ekushiseni kuze kuvele ukufihleka kokuqala, imibhede ifakwe amanani okulinganisa kanye ngesonto. Inani lemali lixhomekile ngesimo sezulu kanye nesakhiwo somhlabathi, okwanele kufika ku-20 l / m 2 ngesonto. Cishe izinsuku ezingu-7 ngaphambi kokusila, ukuchelela kumiswa, ngaphandle kwesimo sezulu esihlala isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kokubonakala kwamapods okuqala, sinisela ukutshala kwebhontshisi emhlabathini ovulekile ngemvamisa ephansi, ungavumeli ukomisa okuphelele kwemibhede ekunakekeleni.
Izifo nezinambuzane zobhontshisi
Lesi siko sinesibalo nezinambuzane eziningana ezinganciphisa kakhulu isivuno sobhontshisi. Izifo zezinyosi kanye nokulawula ngesikhathi esifanele kuwumsebenzi obalulekile kuwo wonke umlimi wemifino. Lapho kuphuza amaqabunga amaqabunga, ukubonakala kwamabala okungaqondakali, khona ubhontshisi obonakalisiwe, singakhuluma ngokutheleleka kwesayithi ngefungi noma izinambuzane eziyingozi. Kubalulekile ukukhipha izinsongo eziningana ezisemqoka, okumele zinikezwe ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko uma ukhula emhlabathini ovulekile:
- I-Anthracnose. Lesi sifo sibangela ukwakheka kwamabala okuzungezile okufomile, ama-vein omzimba omnyama, ukuphuza nokufa kwamaqabunga. Ama-pods ashintsha ukuma, ahlanganiswe i-plaque engcolile, izilonda.
- Umsakazo we-viral of ubhontshisi. Ukutheleleka kwe-aphid kuthwala, amaqabunga anesifo sishintsha isifo, abe yi-variegated, aphikisiwe. Uma kuvunyiwe ngobhontshisi be-mosaic, lapho ukhula emhlabathini ovulekile, ukhula kabi, ugijima ngemuva komakhelwane bawo, ukukhiqizwa kwehlathi kuyancipha.
- Ukubola okubomvu kwamabhontshisi. Uma lesi sifo sibona ukutholwa kweziqu namaqabunga, ushintsho embala wabo. Izitshalo ezithintekayo zibola futhi zife.
- Umkhuhlane we-powdery webhontshisi . Ekunakekelweni kwangaphandle, lesi sifo esiyingozi sivame ukutholakala, okuholela ekufeni kwephesenti elikhulu lokutshala. Ekuthomeni isembatho esimhlophe sakhiwa, khona-ke ubukhulu obomvu buphenduka buphuzi bese boma.
Ukuvimbela nokuvikelwa kwezifo zebhontshisi:
- Ungenzi ukutshala obuningi, qinisekisa ukuthi amahlathi azinakekelwa umoya.
- Kubona izitshalo ezigulayo zisusiwe.
- Ukusiza izihlahla zokhula izifo, zisuse embhedeni ngesikhathi esifanele.
- Sebenzisa ukutshala imbewu enobhontshisi enempilo.
- Amabhontshisi okugcoba ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela anciphisa ubungozi bokutheleleka.
- Gcina ukuzungeza kwezitshalo endle.
- I-Anthracnose ne-white rot ihlukunyezwa yi-Bordeaux liquid kanye nezinye izilungiso zethusi.
- Ekulweni nobuciko bokusiza kusiza ekutshaleni ubhontshisi, izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukusabalalisa kwama-aphid.
- Umkhuhlane we-powdery ekuqothulweni uphelelwa ngamalungiselelo esibabule.
Izinambuzane eziyingozi kunazo zonke zobhontshisi yizinhlamvu, amahlumela kanye nama-slugs. Lapho utshalwa, hlola okusanhlamvu, ngaphandle kokuhlwanyela kwezinto ezithathelwanayo. Ekunakekeleni izinambuzane zisebenzisa ukwelashwa kwemibhede "Decis", "Metaphos", nezinye izinambuzane . Uma kutholakala ama-slugs, umhlabathi ufafazwe umlotha noma i-superphosphate, amaqabunga omquba kanye namahlumela enambuzane abesabeka kule nkathazo. Ungakwazi ukufaka ama-baits ngesimo samabhodlela eplastiki agcwele amabhiya, njalo ewaxosha ezinambuzane ezigwilisiwe.