Yiqiniso, ososayensi abaningi kanye nabasunguli bezakhiwo bachitha impilo yabo yonke befuna izixazululo ezifanele zokutholakala kwabo okungenza kube lula nokuthuthukisa impilo yomuntu. Kodwa, njengoba kwenzeka, izinto eziningi ezibalulekile nezibalulekile "zavela" ngokungathi ngengozi.
Sasiqoqa izinto ezingu-25 zonke ezaziwa ukuthi akekho ohlela ukudala. Kwenzeka kanjalo nje. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, namuhla asicabangi ukuphila ngaphandle kwalezi zinto ezitholakalayo!
1. I-sugar substitut - saccharin
Okungenani kanye empilweni, ngamunye wethu wazama isabelo soshukela. Kodwa bambalwa abantu abacabanga ukuthi kwakhiwe kanjani. Ngo-1879 uKonstantin Felberg, isazi samakhemikhali, wayefundela i-tar yamalahle, ezama ukuthola enye indlela yokusetshenziswa kwayo. Futhi, njengokujwayelekile, ngemuva kokubuyela ekhaya ngemuva komsebenzi wosuku olukhuni, waphawula ukuthi amakhekhe omkakhe amnandi kakhulu futhi amnandi kunejwayelekile. Ebuza umkakhe ukuthi yini engalungile, wacabanga ukuthi ukhohlwa ukugeza izandla ngemuva kokusebenza ne-tar. Yilokho okwakusetshenziselwa indawo yokushukela, okusetshenziselwa emhlabeni jikelele, esikhundleni somhlophe ojwayelekile.
2. I-Clever uthuli
Uthuli oluhlakaniphile lusetshenziswe nge-nanotechnology, okusho amadivayisi amancane angabonakali angenantambo asebenza njengendlela eyodwa. Uthuli oluhlakaniphile lwavela ngenxa yesikole esineziqu ze-University of California Jamie Link, owafunda i-chip silicon. I-chip yaqhuma, futhi uJamie wavakashela umqondo wokuthi izingcezu ezincane zingasebenza futhi ngokwahlukana, njengendlela eyodwa. Namuhla, lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziselwa ukubona konke okuvela emathunjini okufa kuya kuma-biological agents.
3. I-Potato chips
Yebo, kuvela ukuthi ukudla okuthandayo akukwazanga ukuvela empilweni yethu. Ngo-1853, umpheki wezokudlela waseGeorge Cram eNew York wasungula ngephutha izitshalo. Ngakho-ke, njengoba kwenzeka: ikhasimende elinganelisekile libuyisele isidlo samaqanda amazambane ekhishini, ithi "limanzi". Khona-ke iKram eyathukuthele yanquma ukufundisa iklayenti isifundo namazambane aqoshiwe ezincebeleni ezincane, ezigajwe kuze kube yilapho zihlanjululwa futhi zifafazwe ngobuningi ngosawoti. Ukumangala kompheki, isidlo sasimnandi kumthengi. Ngakho kwakukhona iziphuphu.
4. Coca-Cola
Isiphuzo esiyingqayizivele, esinojwayele ukujwayela wonke umuntu, sibonakala njengomuthi ngesikhathi sempi yombango sibonga udokotela wezempi uJohn Pemberton. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi i-cocaine ikhona ekubunjweni koqobo kweCoca-Cola.
5. Izithelo zeqhwa
Ngo-1905, i-soda yaba esinye seziphuzo ezidume kakhulu. UFrank Epperson oneminyaka engu-11 ubudala wanquma ukuthi angasindisa imali ephaketheni lakhe uma enza i-soda ekhaya. Ngokuhlanganisa i-powder namanzi, uFrank wayesondelene kakhulu ne-soda amanzi, kepha ngenxa yokudideka, washiya ngephutha amanzi emgodini ubusuku bonke. Lapho uFrank ephuma egumbini ekuseni, wabona ukuthi ingxube yayinqamule ngenduku yesobunxele.
6. Izigaxa ze-affle ze-ayisikhilimu
Kuze kube ngu-1904, i-ayisikhilimu yayihanjiswe esitsheni. Futhi ngesikhathi seMbukiso Wezwe kwakukhona izimpondo ezimbi. I-kiosk embukisweni yayine-ice cream okumnandi kangangokuthi ukufunwa kwayo kwakukhulu kakhulu, futhi amapuleti aphela ngokushesha. Ngaleso sikhathi, esiteshini esingumakhelwane esineziphaka zasePheresiya, kwakungekho neze ukuhweba, ngakho abathengisi banquma ukujoyina. Baqala ukugoqa ama-waffles bese bebeka i-ayisikhilimu lapho. Yilokho okwakubonakala khona izimpondo ze-waffle.
7. I-Teflon yokugqoka
Abesifazane besifazane abaningi bayazi ukuthi ukugqoka kweTeflon yamapayipi okudoba kuyisici esasisiza izikhathi eziningi. Futhi lokhu kuvele kwavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yenkokhelo yamakhemikhali uRoy Plunkett, owaphuka ngengozi emithonjeni ephikisayo yeziqandisisi. Inkampani lapho uRoy esebenze khona, ngokushesha walungelo lobunikazi lokhu kutholakala.
8. Injoloba evuthayo
UCharles Goodyear wachitha iminyaka eminingi ezama ukuthola i-rubber engavumelana nokushisa neqhwa. Ngemuva kwemizamo eminingi engaphumeleli, ekugcineni wathola ingxube eyasebenza. Ngaphambi kokuvala ukukhanya emhlanganweni, uCharles wachitha ingozi yerabha, isulfure futhi ehola esitofu. Le ngxube yayinamafutha futhi yenziwa lukhuni. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ingasetshenziswa.
9. Ipulasitiki
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, i-shellac yayisetshenziswa njengento evikela abantu. Lena umkhiqizo wemvelo owenziwe nge-resin, ekhishwa yizimpethu eziningizimu-mpumalanga. Ngakho-ke, isazi samakhemikhali uLobert Hendrik Bakeland wanquma ukuthi angase acebe uma efika ngenye indlela ku-resin eqolo. Kodwa, lokho ayekukhuphuka kwakungumapulasitiki, okuyinto, ngaphansi kwamandla okushisa aphezulu, awazange ashintshe izindawo zayo. Ukwakhiwa kwaleso sikhathi kwathandwa futhi kwaqanjwa igama elithi Bakelite.
10. Radioactivity
Ngo-1896, u-Henri Becquerel wesayensi yemvelo wenza ucwaningo nge-luminescence ne-x-ray. Ukuhlola i-phosphorescence emanzini ase-uranium, uHenry wayedinga ukukhanya kwelanga. Kodwa lolo suku eParis kwakuyisimo sezulu esinamafu. Khona-ke usosayensi wagcwalisa usawoti we-uranium ephepheni elimnyama futhi walibeka ebhokisini epulatifheni yezithombe. Ngemva kwesonto waphindela ukuqhubela isifundo. Kodwa, ebonisa ifilimu, wabona ukunyatheliswa kasawoti ephepheni, okwavela khona ngaphandle kwethonya lokukhanya.
11. Idayi lezinwele
Idayi yokufakelwa yabonakala ngenxa yokuhlolwa okungaphumelelanga komkhakha wamakhemikhali oneminyaka engu-18 uWilliam Perkin, owayezama ukudala ukwelashwa kwemalariya. Kodwa ukwehluleka kwesosayensi kwashintsha ngokuphelele umhlaba. Ngo-1856, uWilliam waphawula ukuthi ukuzama kwakhe, noma kunomshini we-turbid, wapenda indebe ngombala omuhle. Ngakho-ke kwakukhona idayi yokuqala yokukhiqiza yomhlaba, okuthiwa yi-Mowein.
12. I-Pacemaker
I-Greatbatch Wilson isebenze ekudaleni idivayisi ekwazi ukurekhoda isigqi senhliziyo yomuntu. Kodwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, wangena ngengozi kulesi simiso akuyona ukumelana. Ngenxa yalokho, le divayisi yenza kahle ngokuphelele isigqi senhliziyo. Ngakho kwakukhona i-pacemaker yokuqala engasetshenziswa.
13. Ama-Paper Stickers
Ngo-1968, u-Spencer Silver wazama ukwakha i-glue eqinile ye-Scotch tape, kodwa wabona okuthile okunamathelomu, kodwa uma befiswa kalula bahlushwa ngaphandle kokushiya imidwebo. Ngemuva kwemizamo eminingi engaphumeleli yokuthola ukusetshenziswa kwaleli glue, osebenza naye wesiliva, u-Art Fry waqaphela ukuthi iglue lingasetshenziselwa amanothi emaphepha - izitika.
14. Ama-Microwave
Bonke abantu abasemhlabeni kumele babonge umchwepheshe we-Navy uPercy Spencer ngokuthola ama-microwave esiwasebenzisa namuhla kuma-oven microwave. UPercy wayematasa ngemikhakha ye-microwave lapho ephawula ngengozi ukuthi ibhatela le-chocolate ephaketheni lakhe laqala ukudilika. Futhi kusukela ngo-1945, akekho emhlabeni owawazi izinkinga ngokudla okushisa.
15. Slinky - intwasahlobo yokudlala
Ngo-1943, unjiniyela we-US Navy uRichard James wazama iziphethu, ezama ukusungula idivayisi yomkhumbi. Ngengozi wafaka ucingo oluboshiwe phansi. Futhi ucingo lugxuma futhi lugxuma kabi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba nesithakazelo esiqotho kulokhu kudlala, okuyinto wonke umuntu ayithandayo: kokubili abadala nabantwana.
I-Plasticine Play-Do yezingane
Enye yezinto zokudlala zezingane ezithandwa kakhulu zivele ngethuba elihlanzekile. Ekuqaleni, inqwaba ye-viscous sticky ayiyona nje into ehlanzekile yephepha lodonga. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 abantu bayeka ukusebenzisa amalahle ukushisa izindlu, okusho ukuthi iphepha lodonga lahlala lihlanzekile kakhulu. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, indodana yomsunguli ohlakaniphile uCleo McQuicker wathola ukuthi kusukela kulolu bunzima ungabhala izibalo ezihlukahlukene.
17. Isikhathi esithathayo
Enkambeni yokuthuthukisa i-lens yamaplastiki yokuzijabulisa, uHarry Kuver, umcwaningi eklabhutri ye-Kodak, wathola iglue yokwenziwa eyenziwe nge-cyanoacrylate. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi, uHarry wenqaba lokhu kutholakala ngenxa ye-super-flop. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, le nto yabuye yafunyanwa futhi yavela emakethe njengendlela eyaziwayo "super glue".
18. Fastener Velcro
Ingcweti yaseFrance uGeorge de Mestral wayekuzingela nenja yakhe lapho ebona ukuthi i-burdock yayibambelele ngokuqinile emboshweni omngane wakhe onamagundane amane. Ekugcineni, wakwazi ukuphindaphinda izinto ezinjalo esibhedlela. Kodwa lo mklamo awuzange wenziwe kabanzi kuze kube yi-NASA eyayiqaphela.
19. Imisindo ye-X-ray
Ngo-1895, uWilliam Roentgen, ngesikhathi ehlola imisebe yama-cathode, ngengozi wathola ukuthi imisebe yesikhumba se-cathode ray ihamba ngezinto eziqinile, ishiya isithunzi. Okuwukuphela kwencazelo yalokhu kwakuwukuthi imisebe yokukhanya idluliselwe phakathi kwala maqembu.
20. Ingilazi engenzi lutho
Isazi samakhemikhali waseFrance u-Edward Benedict washaya ngephutha isiqhumane phansi, kodwa ngokuyisimangaliso asizange siphume, kodwa saqedwa kuphela. Ekumangale, u-Edward wanquma ukutadisha iplaski ngokugcwele futhi wathola ukuthi i-nitrate ye-cellulose iqukethe i-flask ngaphambi kwalokho eyenza ingilazi ibe namandla. Ngakho kwakukhona ingilazi yokuphepha.
21. Ama-Corn flakes
Lapho uWaite Kate Kellogg esekela umfowabo ukulungiselela ukudla abagulayo esibhedlela, wathola ngephutha ukuthi inhlama, ishiye amahora amaningana, ishintsha izindawo zayo. U-Waite wabe esenquma ukubona ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma epheka isikhumba esilungile isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Nakuba kungaziwa okwenzekile njengomphumela walolu cwaningo lweCulinary, kodwa umlando wokubukeka kwama-cornflakes wokuqala yilokho kanye.
22. Dynamite
Ungacabangi ukuthi abantu bavele nje bafunde ukushaya okuthile. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi abantu basebenzisa i-nitroglycerin kanye nesibhamu, okwakungenjalo, ngokungafani nokungazinzi kwezakhiwo zabo. Lapho u-Alfred Nobel esebenza ebhokisithri ne nitroglycerin futhi ngengozi waphonsa isibhamu esivela ezandleni zakhe. Kodwa ukuqhuma akuzange kulandele, futhi uNobel waphila, ngaphandle kokulimala. Njengoba kwenzeka kamuva, le nto yawela ngokuqondile kwizinkuni zokhuni, ezithatha i-nitroglycerin ngokwayo. Ngakho kwaphetha ngokuthi i-nitroglycerin uma ixutshwe nanoma yiliphi i-dense substance lizinzile.
Buka Kufakiwe 23 Anesthesia
Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ubani ohilelekile ekusungulweni kwe-anesthesia, kodwa nakanjani wonke umuntu angabonga ngokutholakala kukaCrawford Long, uWilliam Morton noCharles Jackson. Yilabo abaqala ukuthola izakhiwo ezidumile zezidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene, njenge-nitrous oxide noma igay gay.
24. Insimbi engenasici
Namuhla, asimele impilo yethu ngaphandle kokusika, okwakhiwa yi-metallurgist waseNgilandi uHarry Briarli. UHarry wadala umgqomo wesibhamu, okwakungabambi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, i-metallurgist yahlola inzalo yakhe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-caustic. Ukuhlola ngempumelelo ijusi likalamula, uHarry waqaphela ukuthi insimbi yakhe yayizoba yinto enhle kakhulu yokusika.
25. I-Penicillin
Ukufunda i-staphylococci, u-Alexander Fleming wanezela amabhaktheriya esitsheni sePetri ngaphambi kokuba ahambe eholidini wawashiya. Ngemva kokubuya eholidini, uFleming wayelindele ukubona ikholomu eligcwele lama-bacteria, kodwa wamangala lapho ebona khona isikhunta kuphela. Ngemva kokuhlolwa, usosayensi wathola ukuthi umkhiqizo owenziwe ngomkhiqizo wawuvimbela ukukhula kwe-staphylococci, ngaleyo ndlela kuvula i-antibiotic yokuqala yomhlaba.