Kuze kube manje, kunombono wokuthi izingane ezingakafiki zingasoze zafana nomunye umuntu, zizophelelwa amandla emzimbeni nasengqondweni. Ngenxa yalezi zinkolelo, abantwana abaningi abazalwa ngaphambi kokuba leli gama lilahlwe esibhedlela sokubeletha. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi izinto zime kanjani ngempela.
Yimaphi abantwana abhekwa njengaphambi kwesikhathi?
Imvelo iqukethe isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-intrauterine yengane ezayo, futhi ihlala amasonto angu-40. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, zonke izitho zangaphakathi nezinhlelo ze-fetal zikhula ukuze zihlangabezane ngokuphepha emhlabeni ozungezile futhi zisebenze ngokugcwele. Ingane esanda kusanda kuzalwa izalwa kusukela emavikini angu-22 kuya kwangu-37 enesisindo somzimba esingaphansi kuka-2.5 kg kanye nobude bomzimba obufinyelela ku-45 cm. Kodwa-ke, i-WHO ibeka izici ezilandelayo zokuphila komntwana: iminyaka yobudala yokugcina umzimba, amasonto angu-22, isisindo ngaphezu kuka 0.5 kg, ubude bomzimba kusuka 25 cm, okungenani umoya oqoshiwe owodwa.
Kungani ingane ingazalwa ngaphambi kwegama?
Uma ingane izalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, akunakwenzeka njalo ukwazi izizathu zalokhu. Ngokusho kocwaningo, kunezinto eziningana ezivusa amadlingozi ezivelele, phakathi kwazo:
- esekhulile noma esemncane kakhulu kunina, ubaba;
- ukugcina indlela yokuphila engenampilo;
- ithonya lezingozi zomsebenzi;
- ukukhipha isisu ngaphambi;
- ukukhulelwa emva kokuzalwa kwamuva (iminyaka engaphansi kwengu-2);
- ukuzala okuningi ;
- izifo ezingapheli kumama;
- ukudluliselwa kwezifo;
- ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba;
- ukungena kwe-intrauterine ebusweni.
Izici zezingane ezingaphambi kwesikhathi
Ayikho "umugqa" ocacile ocacisa ukuthi ingane ingaphila kangakanani, futhi ingxoxo eningi iqhutshwa ngasesihloko sesidingo sokunakekelwa kahle kwezempilo ezinganeni zangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ezweni lakithi okwamanje, impilo yabantwana abanjalo, ezalwa ngesisindo sika-500 g, ivikelwe ngumthetho, ihlinzekela ukubhaliswa nokupholisa kwabo okuphoqelekile.
Izingane ezingakazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi zizalwa, zingakalungiselelwa izimo zokuphila okungaphezulu. Izitho zabo ezibalulekile azange zikhule ngokugcwele futhi azilungele ukusebenza okuzimele. Iziqu ezinjalo zinezici eziningi zangaphandle ezihlukanisa izingane ezizalwa ngesikhathi:
- ukuphakama okuncane kakhulu nesisindo;
- ukuphazamiseka okuqinile kwezingxenye zomzimba;
- amathambo amancane aphansi;
- izitho zokuzala ezingathuthuki;
- ukutholakala kwe-cannon ngemuva nangamahlombe;
- isikhumba esomile nesincane;
- ukungabi khona kwamafutha angaphansi;
- amehlo avaliwe avaliwe;
- ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwemoto, njll.
Izibonakaliso ezibalwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi zingase zibe khona kancane noma ziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsana ezingakabonakali zibonakala ngokucatshangelwa okungakahleleki, ukungenwa kwesistimu yamasosha, nokuntuleka kwendlala. Banezinkinga ekuqondiseni amaphaphu, ukufudumala komzimba , ukuthuthukiswa kwama-enzyme yokugaya. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uma kwenziwa imizamo, ingane izobukeka njengengane evamile esanda kuzalwa, futhi zonke izitho zizokwenza umsebenzi wazo zenziwe.
Isisindo somntwana ongakafiki
Kuye ngesisindo somntwana ongakabi isikhathi lapho sefika ekubeni khona, amazinga amaningana okukhishwa kwangaphambi kokuqala ahlukanisiwe:
- I-kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2500 g (i-degree degree);
- II - kusukela ngo-1501 kuya ku-2000 g (ukulinganisa okulinganiselwe);
- III - kusuka ku-1001 kuya ku-1500 g (ukuguqulwa okujulile);
- IV - ngaphansi kuka-1000 g (isikhathi esingaphansi kwesikhathi).
I-degree of prematurity ayihlanganiswa nje kuphela ngenani lezinqwaba, kodwa futhi nezibonakaliso zokuvuthwa okujwayelekile kwenyama. Isibonelo, kwenzeka ukuthi imvuthu izalwa ngesisindo sika 2.5 kg, kodwa ukukhula kwezitho nemisebenzi kungaphansi kwalabo ababekwe ngesikhathi sokuzalwa 2 kg. Uma isimo somntwana sigxilile, sizoqala ukuthola isisindo. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukwanda kungaba 90-120 g izinsuku eziyisikhombisa, futhi ngenyanga yesine nesikhombisa yokuphila isisindo somzimba sezingane ezintathu.
Ukukhula kwengane engakafiki
Ingane, eyazalwa ngaphambi kwegama, ngokuvamile ikhona ubude bomzimba ngaphakathi kuka-45-35 cm. Le nkhomba ixhomeke esikhathini sokuqeda isimo. Esikhathini esizayo, kufanele silindele ukwanda okunjalo ekukhuleni: cishe 2.5-5.5 cm nyangazonke phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yokuphila, mayelana no-0.5-3 cm - phakathi nengxenye yesibili yonyaka. Ngakho, ngemva kokuphela konyaka, ubude bomzimba buyanda ngo-26-38 cm ngonyaka.
Izingane ezisengaphambili - imiphumela
Iphesenti eliphezulu lokukhubazeka nezinkinga zitholakala ezinganeni ezingakafiki isikhathi eside, nakuba kunezimo lapho abantwana abanesisindo esiphansi besinda kuphela, kodwa babengenayo izinkinga zempilo ezikhethekile. Kunamathuba amaningi kakhulu okuba nethemba labo abazalwa benesisindo se kilogram noma ngaphezulu. Uma udala izimo ezikhethekile, izingane ezinjalo emva kweminyaka embalwa azifani nalabo abazalwa esikhathini esijwayelekile.
Ake sibhale ukuthi yiziphi izifo ezitholakala ezinganeni ezingakafiki zingatholakala:
- i-infantile ye-cerebral palsy ;
- i-hydrocephalus;
- i-dystonia yemifino yemvelo;
- izinkinga zokukhuluma;
- i-astigmatism;
- ukubuka okufushane;
- i-strabismus ;
- ukuzwa ukukhubazeka;
- ukuphuza kwengqondo;
- ukukhushulwa okukhudlwana kwezifo, njll.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwengane ngaphambi kwesikhathi ezinyangeni zonyaka
Kuye kwasungulwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsana zangaphambi komnyaka kunqunywa hhayi nje kuphela ngeminyaka yokugqoka kanye nesisindo somzimba, kodwa futhi nesimo jikelele sempilo, izici zofuzo. Ngokuvamile, ngesimo esihle, uneminyaka emibili ubudala, bahlangana nabangane babo ngokuvumelana nokusebenza kwe-anthropometric, inkulumo nokusebenza kwengqondo, ngezinye izikhathi kuthatha iminyaka engu-3-6.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi okuningi akuxhomeki kuphela kubasebenzi bezokwelapha, kodwa futhi nakwezinhlanzi zabazali. Kuwufanele umzamo, futhi umphumela ngeke uhlale ulinde, futhi ingane izojabula ngempumelelo nemisha emisha. Izinsana zangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwenyanga okulandela isimiso esikhethekile, ezimweni eziningi kancane kancane ngemuva kwegama, elingasetshenziswa kusukela etafuleni ngedatha elinganiselwe.
Uhlobo lomakhono | Izingane zinesisindo esingu-1500 g, izinyanga. | Izingane zilingana no-2000 g, izinyanga. | Izingane zinesisindo esingama-2500 g, izinyanga. | Iqedile izingane, izinyanga. |
Ukugxila ezintweni ezibukwayo, ezicwaninga | 3 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 |
Ukubamba ikhanda ngesimo esiswini | 5 | 4 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
Iphenduka kusukela emuva kuya kumama | 7-8 | 6-7 | 5-6 | 5-6 |
Ukukhwabanisa | 11-12 | 10-11 | 8-9 | 7-8 |
Ukuzihlalisa | 10-11 | 9-10 | 8-9 | 6-7 |
Ukuma emilenzeni ngaphandle kokusekelwa | 12-14 | 11-12 | 10-11 | 9-11 |
Izinyathelo zokuqala | 14-16 | 12-15 | 12-13 | 11-12 |
Ukunakekela ingane ngaphambi kwesikhathi
Ukuze ingane engakafiki isikhathi ikhule ngendlela evamile, idinga ukudala izimo ezikhethekile ezifana nesisesibelethweni sikamama. Imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yomzimba omncane idinga ukwesekwa okufakelwayo, futhi izingane ezincane ezingaphambi kwesikhathi zilinganisa, imishini edingekayo isikhungo sezokwelapha sidinga, abasebenzi abanolwazi oluningi.
Ukusebenzisa izingane zangaphambi kwesikhathi
Uma ingane isanda kuzalwa, ukunakekelwa kuqala kuqhutshwa ekamelweni lokunakekelwa okukhulu. Ingane ifakwa emshini wokufakelwa lapho ukulawula ukuphefumula, ukushisa nokushisa kugcinwa njalo, ukuvuthwa okufakelwa kwamaphaphu, nokudla kokudla kwenziwa. Ngesilinganiso sokulinganisela esincane futhi esincane, ingane ingafakwa embhedeni ovuthayo. Isikhathi sokuguquguquka kokubeletha sekusele izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezinyanga ezimbili, futhi phambi kwe-pathologies, kuthatha isikhathi eside.
Kwezinye izikhungo zezokwelapha, ukunakekelwa kwe "kangaroo" kuthathwa njengamukelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingane engakwazi ukuphefumula nokudla ngokuzimela, ixhumana njalo nomama - esifubeni sakhe noma esiswini. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-crumb ihambelana nemvelo entsha kunalokho, ikhula kangcono. Ngemuva kokukhishwa esibhedlela, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa kufanele zihlolwe njalo odokotela, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka wokuqala.
Ukudla izingane ezisencane
Ukondla izingane ngaphambi kwesikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Uma kungabikho ukucabanga okugwinya okugwinya, ingxube yezinsana ezingakafiki, lapho ama-hormone, ama-amino acids, ama-enzyme, i-glucose nezinye izingxenye zengeziwe, ihanjiswa nge-tube esiswini. Ezimweni ezinzima kunazo zonke, ukudla okunomsoco wokubeletha kuhlelekile. Lapho umntwana efunda ukuncelisa, udliwe ebhodleleni nge-pacifier, kancane kancane - isetshenziswe esifubeni (ngesisindo okungenani esingu-1.8 kg).
Ukudla kokubeletha okungakapheli kusukela ngesonto lesibili lokuphila kungase kusekelwe ubisi lomama, okuyinto kulokhu okubaluleke kakhulu ngaphambi kokuhlangana okufakelwayo. Ukudla okuyisisekelo kwezinsana ezingakabiphi kuqala kuqale kungakapheli izinyanga ezingu-7-8 ubudala, i.s. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingu-1-2 kunabantwana abavamile, okuchazwa ukukhula okuvuthiwe kwesistimu yokugaya.