Izithombo ezikhulayo zika utamatisi ekhaya - iziqili zokutshala okufanele nokukhethwa

Utamatisi ungenye yezitshalo ezithandayo kakhulu zemifino. Uma umuntu enesiqephu somhlaba futhi ethanda ukuyisebenzisa, qiniseka-ngokuqinisekile uyohlwanyela okungenani utshani lwesihlahla samatamatisi. Ngeke kuthiwa ukuthi izithombo zamatamatisi ezikhulayo ekhaya zilula kune-turnip rep, kodwa, ngolwazi oludingekile, icala lithengeka futhi lizuzisa ngisho.

Ukutshala utamatisi kumahlumela

I-Ogorodniku akumele ikwazi ukuthi ingahlwanyela kanjani utamatisi ngezithombo ngendlela efanele, kodwa futhi nokuthi ungakhula kanjani izitshalo ezinamatamatisi enempilo ekhaya, indlela yokunakekela izitshalo nokuvimbela amaphutha abulalayo azobhubhisa amahlumela noma abe nomthelela ekukhuleni okulandelayo, ukuthuthukisa utamatisi kanye nokuzayo isitshalo.

Ukulungiselela umhlaba izithombo zotamatisi

Lesi yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekutshaleni izithombo zotamatisi ekhaya. Umhlabathi wezithombo zika utamatisi awukwazi ukusetshenziselwa ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwangaphambili, nje ukuthayipha, noma ngabe ukuphi. Ukuhlanza inhlabathi emabhodleleni ezinambuzane, imbewu yokhula, amabhaktheriya we-pathogenic njalonjalo, ifriziwe izinyanga eziyi-1.5, bese ingeniswa ekamelweni elifudumele, liphinde lithwetshwe futhi liqhutshwe ehlathini. Ungabi ovilapha futhi uthenge esitolo inhlabathi yomkhiqizi ongaziwa. Umphumela omuhle uzoba uma ulungiselele umhlaba ngokwakho kusukela ekwindla.

Ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi kungahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izingxenye ozithola zilula futhi ezingabizi ukusebenzisa. Hlanganisa ku-2: 1: 1 isilinganiso (izinketho ezikhona zingaboniswa ngabazali)

1. Umhlaba waseSoddy (umhlaba oqabile, inhlabathi engadini kusukela ngaphansi kokutshala kwezitshalo, i-zucchini noma i-molehill).
2. Ukuqalwa ngokugcwele komquba (humus).
3. Isihlabathi esingenabumba (i-perlite, i-peat, i-sawdust-over or isisombululo se-urea)

Ukulungiselela imbewu ka utamatisi ngokutshala izithombo

Izithombo ezikhulayo zika utamatisi ekhaya ziqala ngokulungiselela imbewu. Ukucubungula imbewu ye- utamatisi ngaphambi kokutshala ezitshalweni kuhlanganisa amasu agrotechnical alandelayo:

1. Ukuhlunga. Indlela yokuqala ukuhlolwa okubukwayo kwembewu: susa ukulimala, umbala oguquliwe, ongenalutho. Indlela yesibili ukuhlunga isipuni 1 sikasawoti elitini lamanzi afudumele, ahlanzekile, ubeke imbewu khona bese uvuselela. Imbewu esele kufanele isuswe, bonke bahlanzwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile, ahlungiwe, omisiwe, asakaze ephepheni noma nge-gauze.
2. Hlola ukuhluma. Inani lemali elibalwe ngokucophelela lifakwe kwi-cotton pad, ehlanganiswe elinye ipotton pad, elimanzi futhi lihlume isonto. Khona-ke iphesenti lembewu eye yahlwanyelwa ibalwa. Ngenkathi yokuhluma okuncane, ukuhlwanyela imbewu kuyanda. Njengoba kuvela ngaphansi kuka-10-15%, imbewu ayisetshenziselwa ukutshala (ngaphandle kokuthi uzama ukulondoloza nokulondoloza uhlobo oluthandayo lwakho)
3. Ukufudumala. Isaka lokugaya ngezinhlamvu ezimisiwe izinyanga ezimbalwa eduze kwebhethri lokushisa noma ukusakazeka, ukuxuba njalo, ngaphansi kwethonya elangeni ilanga. Akukwenzelwa imbewu yemifino kanye nehloselwe ukufika ezindaweni eziseningizimu.
4. Ukukhishwa kanzima . Ngokuvamile, imbewu ayixilwanga nge-disinfected nge-pink bright solution ye potassium permanganate (1 mg ngalinye ngehora elilodwa lamanzi), ukwehlisela imbewu esikhwameni se-gauze imizuzu engu-15-20. Emva kokuba imbewu ihlanjwe futhi yomisiwe.
5. Iyathuthumela . Kungcono ukuqhuba ama-gauze emaphoyiseni emanzini afudumele amahora angu-12-18. Ukushisa kwamanzi kugcinwa ngo-22-25 ° C. Ukuguqulwa kwamanzi izikhathi ezintathu. Imbewu akufanele ifakwe emanzini, kodwa akufanele ibe omile. Ngezinye izikhathi, susa imbewu emanzini ukuze ugcwalise oksijini. Ukufudumala kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokutshala. Ukutshala imbewu phakathi kokuhamba nokutshala akuvumelekile.

Lapho ukutshala utamatisi on izithombo?

Imbewu yokuqala yokuhlwanyela izithombo ekhaya ingaholela eqinisweni lokuthi amahlumela "aphumile", amatshe abo alula kakhulu, okuyokwenza kube nzima ukufika endaweni evulekile futhi kungathinta ukukhula kwezithombo. Uma usuphuzile ngokutshala imbewu, ngeke uthole isivuno sokuqala, futhi ukuze uthole ama-latitudes aphezulu, ngeke kube nesikhathi esanele sokuvuthwa izithelo kuma-ovarie wokugcina. Isikhathi, lapho utshalwa utamatisi ezitshalweni, akufani neze utamatisi wokuvuthwa okuhlukene:

• ukuvuthwa kokuqala - izinsuku ezingu-40-50 ngaphambi kokuvela kwesithelo sokuqala;
• phakathi - ukuvuthwa - izinsuku ezingu-50-65;
• ukuvuthwa kwelanga - izinsuku ezingu-70.

Izindlela zokutshala imbewu yamatamatisi kwizithombo

Ukutshala imbewu yamatamatisi yezithombo kungenye yezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulima, impumelelo yayo eyithinta ngqo isivuno sotamatisi. Ngaphandle kwendlela yendabuko (ukuhlwanyela emabhokisini, ukuqoqa izinkomishi ngokutshala okuqhubekayo kwezitshalo emhlabathini ovulekile) izitshalo zezotamatisi ezikhulayo ekhaya zingenziwa ngezindlela ezithakazelisayo ezenza kube lula ukunakekelwa kwezithombo nokukhuthaza ukukhuphula isivuno.

Izithombo ezikhulayo zika utamatisi ezibhebheni ze-peat

Izithombo zika utamatisi ezibhebheni ze-peat azidingi ukhethe, ngakho-ke inqubo yokukhula it lula. Izinzuzo zalendlela:

1. Kungasetshenziselwa ukukhulisa izinhlobo ezingavamile, ezibizayo noma, uma kukhona imbewu encane.
2. Compact, kulula ukuhambisa izitsha ezinamaphilisi.
3. Imbewu ayidingi ukondliwa okungeziwe, ngoba iphilisi isivele iqukethe izikhuthazo zokukhula kanye nezithako ezimbiwe;
4. Uhlelo lwempande lunikezwa kahle emoyeni.
5. Lesi sitshalo asigcizelelwe lapho sitshalwe emhlabathini, uhlelo lwempande alumala.
6. Ngemva kokutshala izithombo, i-membrane ehlanganiswe namafungicide ivikela imbewu ehluma ezifweni zefungal isikhashana.

Ukwandisa izithombo zotamatisi ku-cochlea

Le ndlela eyithakazelisayo ayikaze isakazeke, ngakho-ke akubona bonke abalimi bemifino abazi ukuthi bangakhula kanjani izithombo zamatamatisi emkhokheni. Futhi ngokuphelele ngeze! Le ndlela ithembisa futhi inezinhlangothi eziningi ezinhle:

• ukulula nokufinyeleleka;
• ukugcina isikhala esiningi;
• akukho imali eningi;
• Ungasebenzisa izinto zokusebenza ezingalungile;
• Kudingeka ukuchelela okujwayelekile;
• uhlelo lwempande luqala kahle;
• kuthatha isikhathi esincane sokhetho.

Indlela yamaShayina yokutshala izithombo zamatamatisi

Indlela yaseChina yokutshala izithombo zotamatisi ibheka kakhulu. Umehluko walo omkhulu kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela wukuthi lapho ukhetha uhlelo lwempande luhlala enhlabathini: ihlumela livele limiswe phezu kwendawo nge isikebhe esincane esibukhali futhi ngokushesha lidluliselwe ngqo emhlabathini noma emgodini ngamanzi ukuze kuhlume izimpande ezintsha. Le ndlela isebenza ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezide . Amapulangwe:

1. Kwaphela inyanga nengxenye, isikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu ukutshala izithombo sinciphise.
2. Izithelo zemibhoshongo zakhiwe kakade endaweni ephakeme cishe ngo-20 cm.
3. Izimila ziphikisana nezifo.
4. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kufushane, i-trunk iyaqina, lesi sitshalo siphelelwa umoya.

Ukunakekela izithombo zika utamatisi

Isikhathi esithintekayo nesibalulekile ukunakekelwa kwezithombo zika utamatisi emva kokuhluma. Ikhwalithi yokutshala izinto nokuvuna izitamatisi ngokuzayo ngokuxhomeke kuyo. Ukugcinwa kwezimo zokukhanya nezokushisa ekhaya, ukuchelela ngesikhathi esifanele ngaphandle kokuphuthumisa ngokweqile, ukondla, isikhathi esichitha ukukhetha izitshalo - ngaphandle kwalokhu kunzima ukuthola umphumela omuhle ekwindla.

Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwezithombo zamatamatisi

Ukuze uthole isitshalo esingavumelani nezifo kanye nezimo zezulu ezingavumelani, nge-rosette ehlelwe kahle yamaqabunga, isiqu esinamandla esingahlushwa kakhulu uma usihlwanyela emhlabathini ovulekile, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okuncane kwetamatisi ngokudla kahle. Indlela yokondla izithombo zamatamatisi nendlela yokunquma ukuthi kunesidingo sezinto zokulandelela:

1. I-nitrojeni - ukuphuziza kwamaqabunga aphansi, ukukhula kancane ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokushisa nokuchelela okufika ngesikhathi. Ukwengezwa kwe-urea, i-ammonium nitrate.
2. I-Phosphorus iyigugu elibomvu ngemuva kwamacembe. Ukwengezwa kwe-superphosphate ngemuva kokufika emhlabathini ovulekile.
3. I-Potassium - igweme ukukhula kohlelo lwempande, i-necrosis yamaqabunga. Ukwengezwa kwe-potassium sulfate, i-nitrate ye-potassium.
4. I-Magnesesi - amabala phakathi kwe-streaks emaqabungeni aphansi, amaqabunga asomile bese ewa. Ukugqoka okuphezulu nge-magnesium sulfate.

Ukushisa izithombo zika utamatisi

Umbuso wokushisa for izithombo utamatisi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola izithombo enempilo, ezinamandla. Phakathi naso sonke inqubo yokukhula kwezotamatisi, izinga lokushisa elikhulu liyoba:

• ukuhluma kwembewu 25-30 ° C;
• imbewu ivela ngemuva kokuhlwanyela 23-25 ​​° C;
• okuqukethwe izithombo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi nangemva kokukhethwa kwe-16-18 ° C;
• izithombo ezikhulayo emini 20-22 ° C;
• Okuqukethwe kwezithombo ebusuku kuyinto 14-16 ° C.

Ukuqabula kabusha izithombo zamatamatisi

Kungani futhi ukululaza izithombo zika utamatisi: i-photosynthesis ejwayelekile, utamatisi udinga amahora angu-12 kuya kusihlwa. Izithombo ezinokuntula ukukhanya zilula, zineziqu ezincane ezibuthakathaka namaqabunga aphuzi. Ukukhanyisa izithombo kufanele kube ngosuku olufufayo kusuka emahoreni angu-6 kuya kumahora angu-20. Ngosuku olukhanyayo, isibani singavulwa ngesikhathi esiqhakazile sosuku, futhi ekuseni nakusihlwa, ungayeki ukuvuselela. Muva nje, izibani ze-LED zisetshenziselwe ukukhanyisa. Bakha ukonga, ukusebenzisa isikhathi eside, kulula ukuyifaka.

Izifo zezithombo zamatamatisi

Yeka indlela ecasulayo ngayo, uma ukhulile nokunakekelwa okunjalo nokuzikhandla okukhulu, izithombo ziqala ukugula futhi zife! Izithombo zingalimaza izifo ezinjalo:

1. Fungal. Zenzeke ngesikhathi sokushisa kwezinga lokushisa, kusukela ekutheni ukuphuza ngokweqile nokujula komswakama, kusukela enhlabathini engcolisiwe, ukuqina okunamandla kokutshala.
2. Viral. Izizathu ziyizimo ezingalungile zokulondoloza izithombo, imbewu egciwane lesandulela ngculaza, izinambuzane ezisakaze lesi sifo, ukuntuleka kwezakhi emhlabathini.
3. Amabhaktheriya. Ukutheleleka kubangelwa imbewu encane, inhlabathi egciniwe emazingeni aphezulu okushisa okuqukethwe nomswakama.
4. Okungenasifo . Izimila zingabhekana nokuntuleka noma ukugqithisa kwemithi yamaminerali enhlabathini (i-nitrogen, i-iron, ithusi, i-potassium, i-calcium nezinye izakhi).

Ukuvimbela lokhu kungenzeki, ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, ukucubungula izithombo zamatamatisi ezifweni kuzokusiza. Lungiselela kahle futhi uphilise i-disinfect inhlabathi, ungalimazi ukutshala, ubheke umbuso wokunisela kanye nombuso wokushisa. Landela ngokucophelela ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombo, lapho izibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo zizama ukuthola imbangela yayo, susa izitshalo ezigulayo bese uqala ukwelashwa.

Izithombo ze-tomato ezikhethiwe

Ukukhethwa kwezithombo kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuthola i-fungal kusuka ohlelweni lwempande. Umsuka womgogodla ujulile emhlabathini, ube yizingqimba ezingenalutho kakhulu ezakhiweni. Izimpande ezinezintambo zikhona ezingxenyeni ezingenhla, ezinomsoco ocebile kakhulu womhlabathi, othanda ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo esinamandla nomkhiqizo omuhle utamatisi.

Ukunquma ukuthi ungadlulela nini izithombo zika utamatisi ku, ngeke kube nzima: kumagciwane kufanele avele amaqabunga amabili wangempela (ngaphezu kwamakhasi ama-cotyledonous). Lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngosuku lwesikhombisa-leshumi emva kokuvela. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa inhlabathi efanayo lapho utshala imbewu. Ukwenza lokhu, okokuqala ekhaya, lungiselela umhlaba owodwa ukuba ube neyanele ngokwanele imbewu yokutshala futhi ushiye ukukhetha. Sitshala isitshalo enhlabathini kuze kube sezingeni kuze kufike emaqabunga e-cotyledonous.

Izitshalo ezikhulayo zika utamatisi ekhaya akuyona into elula, kepha ukufunda ukuziphatha kahle zonke izigaba kungenzeka ngisho nakumgadi wezithelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuze ungenzi amaphutha ngokwemigomo, gcina irekhodi. Makube umagazini okhethekile noma i-notebook, lapho ufaka khona ulwazi mayelana nosuku lokutshala imbewu, ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi, isikhathi sokukhetha, ukudla kanye nolunye ulwazi olubalulekile. Bayokusiza, uma kunesidingo, ukuthola ukuthi kwenzeke iphutha noma, ngokuphambene, khumbula futhi bese usebenzisa izinyathelo eziphumelele kakhulu.