Ukukhuphula ukhukhamba okumnandi esakhiweni, ukutshala nokunakekelwa emhlabathini ovulekile kuzodinga isikhathi kanye nohlu lonke lwezinyathelo ze-agrotechnical ezikhuthaza ukuvunwa okuhle. Kunzima ukucabanga ngensimu yemifino okungeke kube khona ikhukhamba, imifino ethandekayo futhi efuna ukudlala, igcwele amavithamini awusizo kanye nezici zokulandelela.
Ukhukhamba ngaphambi kokutshala - ukulungiselela
Okubaluleke kakhulu kokuhlwanyela kubhekwa njengembewu yeminyaka emibili eyedlule, banokuhluma okuhle. Ukukhula ukhukhamba okumnandi, ukutshala nokunakekelwa emhlabathini ovulekile, kukhiqizwa kokubili izithombo kanye nezithombo. Imbewu yekhukhamba ngaphambi kokutshala kumele ilungiswe, lokhu kuzokwandisa ukuhluma kwayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, gcoba emanzini afudumele, usawoti, emva kwesikhashana phezu kwendawo kuzoveza imbewu encane.
Ngemuva kokukhetha imbewu egcwele, ulingise futhi uwafake i-disinfection, ubaphathe ngomuthi wokhuni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lungisa isisombululo esinezipuni ezimbili zomlotha kanye nelitha elilodwa lamanzi, ubanjwe izinsuku ezimbili bese ubamba izinto zokutshala amahora angu-2-3 kuwo, bese ususa bese usomile. Isilinganiso sokugcina sokuqeda ukuqina kwezimbewu, ngenhloso yalokhu, kufaka imbewu evuvukalayo futhi ifinyelele kuqala eshalofini esiphezulu lesiqandisini, bese uhlala eshalofini elingezansi.
Ikhukhamba yokutshala emhlabathini ovulekile
Ama-horticulturists ahlangenwe nakho ayala ukuthi ukutshala ukhukhamba nokuzinakekela emhlabathini ovulekile kungcono kakhulu kwenziwe ngendlela yokutshala. Lokhu kuzoholela ekubukeni kwezithelo amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokutshala lesi sitshalo ngembewu. Izithombo zamakhukhamba zitshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile eminyakeni eyishumi kaMeyi, kuhle, uma izinhlobo eziningana ziyokhula eduze kwayo, lokhu kuzothuthukisa ikhono labo lokuvota nokuvuna isivuno. Amakhukhamba atshalwa enhlabathini ngembewu ngezinsuku zokugcina zikaMeyi noma ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaJuni, lapho inhlabathi ishisa ngo-15-18 ° C.
Ukutshala ukhukhamba emhlabathini ngenzalo
Ukutshala imbewu yamakhukhamba emhlabathini kukhishwa kokubili okumile futhi kuhlume. Uma ukuhlwanyela kusenesikhathi, kungcono ukusebenzisa imbewu eyomile, njengoba ihlume, iwele emhlabathini omncane ofudumalayo, ibolile, ihlwanyela kahle lapho inhlabathi ihlezi kahle kuze kube ngaphansi kuka-12-14 ° C. Ukufeza ukukhiqiza okukhulu, ukuhlwanyela imbewu emhlabathini ovulekile, ungasiza amathiphu ambalwa:
- ukhethe imbewu egcwele yeminyaka emibili, emithathu edlule;
- Ukulinganisa imbewu;
- sebenzisa indlela ye-seed disinfection;
- ukuphatha imbewu ngenkuni noma i- biostimulator ethengiwe;
- ukufutheka imbewu.
Ngemuva kokulungiselela kuqala imbewu nezinhlabathi, qhubeka uhlwanyela. Hlwanyela imbewu noma emiphongweni eyenziwe ngendlela ejulile engaphezu kuka 2-3 cm, noma emigodini ephakathi kuka 18-20 cm, imbewu emibili noma emithathu ngesimo santathu. Phezu komhlabathi ungafafaza umhlabathi omnyama omnyama, izintuthwane ezixoshayo, ama-slugs kanye namagundane. Kusukela phezulu kombhede ungadonsela isembozo, impahla engekho eboshwe, mhlawumbe ngezigaba ezimbili.
Ukhukhamba - ukutshala izithombo
Seeding imbewu esilungisiwe ngaphambilini izithombo, yenzeni ezindebe ezihlukene, ngakho izitshalo kalula ukudlulisela ukufakelwa emhlabathini ovulekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lungiselela ingxube ngokuthatha izingxenye ezilinganayo ze-turf, i-peat, i-humus ne-sawdust, ugcwalise iziqukathi bese uhlwanyela kuzo izinhlamvu ezimbili noma ezintathu. Izigqoko zimboza nge-polyethylene, ngaphambi kokuvela, amanzi ngamanzi amile, ukushisa kwamakamelo, ngokubonakala kwamahlumela - ukususwa okubuthakathaka.
Ukutshala izitshalo emhlabathini kuqhutshwa emithonjeni kanye nomquba noma umquba uqale kuwo, kuseneminyaka eyishumi edlule kaMeyi noma ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Hlanganisa izimpande ezitshaleni emithonjeni, uma isithombo siningi, sithandwa. Ezinsukwini zokuqala emva kokutshala, izitshalo kufanele ziphuze futhi zikhishwe ama-pritenyat. Ukunakekela izithombo zamakhukhamba ukufeza izidingo ezimbalwa ezidingekayo:
- ukuchelela njalo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushisa, izimbali nokubonakala kwezithelo;
- ukwakheka kwezitshalo;
- i-weeding;
- ukukhululeka okwesikhashana nokujwayelekile kwenhlabathi.
Ukutshala kwamakhukhamba - imigomo
Ukukhuphula ikhukhamba kusayithi, ukutshala nokunakekelwa emhlabathini ovulekile, lesi siko semifino sikhiqizwa kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo ezidinga izimo ezithile zezulu, izindlela zokulima. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokutshala ukhukhamba emhlabathini, imbewu noma izithombo, yisimo sezulu esifudumele neshlabathi esihle, isikhathi salo mcimbi sihlukile, lokhu kuthinta indawo yesifunda. Uma kungakapheli isonto ukushisa kwebusuku akuzange kuwele ngezansi + 10-15 ° C, futhi ukucubungula okukhulu kwezidandeli kubonakala, khona-ke ukhukhamba ungatshalwa phansi.
Ukhukhamba - ukukhula nokunakekelwa emhlabathini ovulekile
Ngesikhathi uhlanganyela ekutshalweni kwamakhukhamba, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi endaweni ekhethiwe kulokhu, ngaphambi kwabo akufanele sikhule ama-melon nama-cucurbitaceous cultures. Ngaphambi kokutshala ukhukhamba, inhlabathi kufanele ilungiselelwe kusengaphambili, ukwenza amaminerali kanye neziqu eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kunqunywe ukuthi uzohlwanyela kanjani lesi siko semifino: isithombo noma ungasebenzi, futhi ulungiselele.
Ukutshala ukhukhamba, ukukhula nokuzinakekela emhlabathini ovulekile, kunamasu amaningi kanye nemisebenzi edingekayo ye-agrotechnical, okuyinhloko kuwo:
- ukukhethwa kwesayithi lokutshala ngenhlabathi evundile, evundile, ekwazi ukugcina umswakama, obala kahle, ovikelwe emoyeni;
- ukumboza imibhede ngemuva kokutshala emisebeni ekhanyayo yelanga;
- pasynkovanie nezinsipho;
- ukufaka umanyolo ojwayelekile ngokusetshenziswa kwama-organic and mineral fertilizers;
- ngaphambi kwesikhathi se-fruiting, weeding okuphoqelekile, ukukhululeka kanye ne-podkuchchevaniya;
- i-garter;
- ukuchelela okusemandleni (ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhula).
Ukunakekela ukhukhamba ngemuva kokutshala
Ukunakekela ukhukhamba emhlabathini ovulekile ngokushesha ngemva kokutshala, okokuqala, ukuchelela okulungisiwe kahle. Ukhukhamba awubekezeleli isomiso, kodwa akuthandi umswakama obuningi kakhulu. Lapho kushisa, kufanele uchithe ukhukhamba izikhathi ezinhlanu ngesonto, ngamanzi afudumele, ngezinsuku ezinamafu ungenza ngaphandle kokuphuza. Buka ama-antennae avela, ususe okunye okungeziwe ukuze ungadli ukudla okudingekayo kulesi sitshalo.
Kubonakala izimbali zakuqala ezingakakulungeli isitshalo sesithelo, kungcono ukususa, kanye namahlumela, kuvela ezonini zamaqabunga okuqala kanye namahlumela aso, okukhula kanye ne-ovary. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukutshala ama-fertilizer nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokugqoka izimpande njalo emva kokutshala, kepha lokhu akukwazi ukunqotshwa, njengoba lokhu kuzokwehlisa ukuhluma.
Ukunakekela izithombo zamakhukhamba emhlabathini ovulekile
Ukutshala nokunakekelwa emakhakheni avulekile kuthatha ukuqapha njalo isimo sabo kanye nomswakama womhlabathi. Uma uqaphela ukuthi amaqabunga ayenesivivinya, qiniseka ukuthi uwathele amanzi afudumele kusihlwa. Izitshalo ezikhuphuka kakhulu kufanele zihlanjululwe, yenza lokhu ngezigaba ezimbili noma ezintathu, ususe kancane kancane izitshalo ezibuthakathaka. Ngenkathi benza umquba, ngesikhathi esifanayo bakhula futhi bakhulule, benze lokhu ngokucophelela, ukuze bangalimazi uhlelo lwempande.
Okufanelekile ukukhukhamba ama-ukhukhamba ezinhlobonhlobo zasemahlathini, banomvuno ophezulu, ukuvuthwa kokuqala, ukumelana nokugula kwezifo. Kulula kakhulu ukunakekelwa ukhukhamba wezinkuni, aphansi kakhulu, ayidingi ama-tapestries ama-garters, umuntu kufanele alandele imithetho ethile kuphela:
- Izinyathelo zokunisela, uma kungekho izimvula, zenziwa kabili ngosuku;
- Ukhukhamba lwezinhlobo zehlathi luqeda kakhulu izakhi, zidinga ukondla okuhlelekile;
- uma kuhlwanyela imbewu, kufanele ihlanganiswe nefilimu evikelayo, amahlumela ngaphansi kwalo ayokhula kangcono.
Ikhukhamba imithetho yokunakekelwa - ukuchelela
Uhlelo lwempompo yekhukhamba lokukhula okuhle nokuthuthukiswa okunempilo kudinga ukuchelela njalo, ukuthutha okwanele kuholela ekumnyama kwamagatsha, isitshalo siwela esimweni sokucindezeleka. Umswakama owedlula ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwemivimbo emifula, ithatha oksijini emhlabathini. Ukwehla emanzini womswakama kuyingozi kule masiko yemifino, ngenxa yabo, ukufutheka kwenzeka ezitshalweni.
Ukunakekela ukhukhamba kanye nokuchelela ikakhulukazi kuyadingeka ngesikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo kanye nezitshalo. Amanzi okusetshenziswa lokhu okufudumele, okuchelela ngamanzi abandayo ayoholela ekunciphiseni ukukhula nokubonakala kwezifo. Enye yezindlela eziphumelelayo nezanamuhla zingabizwa ngokuthi ukuchelela, uma kusetshenziswe, umswakama uwela ngqo ohlelweni lwempande, lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nokuvimbela ukukhula kokhula.
Ukukhula kwekhukhamba izithombo - ukufaka umquba owengeziwe
Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukondla ukhukhamba ekuqaleni kwezithelo zomvini nezivunguvungu. Ukunakekelwa kanye nokugqoka phezulu kwamakhukhamba ensimini kuyasiza kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-infusions mullein noma amakhambi, banikeza ukudla okunomsoco kwezitshalo futhi bavikele ngokumelene nomkhuhlane we-powdery . Zingenziwa ezinsukwini ezingu-10-14, zihambisana nokuchelela okudingekayo. Udaba oluthile oluthile lwamaminerali, uletha i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium emhlabathini. Kufanele kwenziwe esimweni sezulu esifudumele, ekudleni okubandayo ngeke kube usizo.
Ukunakekela ukhukhamba - ukuphoqa
Okokuqala, udinga ukwakha amahlumela bese uwabopha ku-trellis. Ukuphoqa ukhukhamba kuncishiswa ukuba kube nokunakekelwa okusemandleni kwesiqu esiyinhloko. Ukunakekelwa kahle kwamakhukhamba, umuntu kufanele aqede amahlumela abantu noma "ahlume". Lo mcimbi uzohlinzeka ukhukhamba:
- ukwakheka kwezimbali "zezinsikazi" nama-ovaries alandelayo;
- uzoqeda ukunambitheka okubabayo ezithelo.
Ukuchofoza isitshalo esikhulu senziwa ngemuva kokuba sifinyelele phezulu kwe-trellis, kushiywe ngamaphuzu okukhula angu-4-5, ukususa amaqabunga amathathu okuqala ndawonye nezono-lokhu kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlumela aso, kufakazela ishidi lesithathu, futhi lokhu sekufaka isandla ekubukeni kwezimbali zabesifazane. Kudingekile ukususa imfucumfucu yamadoda kusukela ku-stem eyinhloko, ihlumela elincinci elibuthakathaka nokuhlanza isitshalo emaqabeni aphikisiwe nezifo.
Ukhukhamba Pasynkovanie
Ukuze kubonakale ku-greenhouse kokuvuna kwangaphambili, izitshalo zitshalwe, okungukuthi, izinyathelo ezengeziwe ezandisa ukwanda kobumnyama zisuswe. Uma ukhula futhi ukhathalela ukhukhamba ensimini, ikakhulukazi uma ikhula emhlabathini ovundile, le nqubo ayidingekile, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kanye namakhono. Uma usufuna ukwandisa inani lezilimo, ungasusa izingane zokutholwa, ususe ngokweqile, udonsa ukudla futhi ungatheli izithelo, amahlumela ahlushwa ngemuva kokushiya ama-4-5. Isinqumo nge-pasynkovaniya kufanele futhi sithathwe kuye ngohlobo lwekhukhamba.
Amakhukhamba akhula emhlabathini - izifo nezinambuzane
Ngesikhathi uhlakulela ukhukhamba futhi unakekela, kubalulekile ukuqaphela lesi sifo ngesikhathi bese ulahla izinambuzane. Izifo ezivame kakhulu ezikhukhamba, ezibonakala kaningi umahluko phakathi kokushisa kwamalanga nobusuku, ukudlula noma ukungabi nomswakama, yilokhu:
- ukubola kwempunga;
- i-powdery isikhutha;
- ukubola okumhlophe;
- ukubola kwempande;
- i-mosaic ejwayelekile;
- amafutha omnqumo.
Izifo eziningi zingavinjelwa uma ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo eziphakanyiswa ngabalimi bemifino abanolwazi olwenziwe. Ukulwa nabo, kokubili izinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nezidakamizwa ezikhethekile zisetshenzisiwe, ezahlukene ngesifo ngasinye. Ukubonakala kwezinambuzane ezifana ne-spider mite, i-melon aphid, i-whitefly ingumphumela wezinyathelo ezingalungile ze-agrotechnical. Izifo nezinambuzane aziveli ngokukhathalela ngokucophelela nokunakekelayo.