Abantu banamuhla banombono oqhelile wemisebe nemiphumela yaso, ngoba inhlekelele enkulu yokugcina yenzeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 edlule. I-radiation ionizing ayibonakali, kodwa ingabangela ushintsho oluyingozi futhi olungenakuguqulwa emzimbeni womuntu. Ezimweni ezinkulu, ezitholakele kanye, kubulawe ngokuphelele.
Kuyini ukugula kwama-radiation?
Ngalesi sigama sisho isimo se-pathological, eshukunyiswa yisenzo senoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemisebe. Kuhambisana nezimpawu ezixhomeke ezintweni eziningana:
- uhlobo lwemisebe edidiyayo;
- umthamo owamukelekile;
- isilinganiso lapho irradiation emisebe yomsakazo ingena emzimbeni;
- umthombo wendawo;
- ukusatshalaliswa komthamo emzimbeni womuntu.
Ukugula emisebeni enamandla
Inkambo enjalo yokukhubazeka ivela emthethweni wokufaniswa kwemithi enkulu yemisebe. Ukugula kwemisebe enamandla kuvela emisebeni ye-irradiation engaphezu kwe-100 rad (1 Gy). Leli qoqo lama-particle omsakazo kufanele atholakale kanye, isikhathi esifushane. Izifo ze-radiation zalolu fomu zidala ngokushesha ukubonakaliswa kwemitholampilo ebonakalayo. Ezikhathini ezingaphezu kuka-10 Gy, umuntu uyafa ngemva kokuhlukunyezwa okufushane.
Ukugula kwemisakazo engapheli
Lolu hlobo lwenkinga luyisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi ye-syndrome. Isifo esingapheli sesifo siyabonakala uma ukulinganisa kwe-rayactive irradiation kuphansi, kufinyelela kuma-radians angu-10-50 ngosuku. Izimpawu ezicacile ze-pathology zivela lapho inani le-ionization lifinyelela ku-70-100 rad (0.7-1 Gy). Ubunzima bokuxilongwa okufika ngesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okwalandela kuzinqubo ezinamandla zokuvuselela amaselula. Izicubu ezilimaziwe zibuyiselwe, futhi izimpawu zihlala zingabonakali isikhathi eside.
Izimbangela zokugula kwemisebe
Izici zezici ze-pathology echazwe zivela ngaphansi kwesenzo:
- I-ray ray ye-X;
- ion, kufaka phakathi i-alpha ne-beta;
- imigqa ye-gamma;
- i-neutron;
- amaprotoni;
- ama-muons nezinye izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo.
Izimbangela zokugula kwemisebe ngendlela elula:
- izinhlekelele technogenic emkhakheni wezikhali zenuzi;
- ukusetshenziswa kwe-irradiation esiphelele ku-oncology, i-hematology, i-rheumatology;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi.
Isifo se-radiation esinenkinga engapheli sibhekene nesimo se:
- izifundo ze-radiographic noma zama-radionuclide emithi;
- imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe ehlobene nemisebe ye-ionizing;
- bedla ukudla okungcolile namanzi;
- uhlala endaweni esetshenziselwa imishini.
Amafomu okugula kwemisebe
Izinhlobo zezifo ezethulwa zihlukaniswa ngokwahlukana nesimo esibi nesiguli sesifo. Esikhathini sokuqala, amafomu alandelayo ayahluka:
- Umnkantsha we-Bone. Ihambisana nomthamo we-radiation we-1-6 Gy. Lona uhlobo olulodwa lwe-pathology olunamazinga okuqina kanye nezikhathi zokuqhubeka.
- Ushintsho. Iqala emva kokuvezwa kwemisebe ye-ionizing ngesilinganiso sika 6-10 Gy. Isimo esiyingozi, ngezinye izikhathi kubangelwa ukufa.
- Amathumbu. Ivela lapho ukuvezwa kwemisebe ku-10-20 Gy. Izimpawu ezicacile zibhekwa emaminithini okuqala we-lesion, umphumela obulalayo kwenzeka ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-8-16 ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okuphelele kwe-epithelium emathunjini.
- I-Vascular. Elinye igama yi-toxicity of a severe radiation illness, ehambisana nomthamo we-ionization we-20-80 Gy. Ukufa kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-4-7 ngokumelene nesimo sezinkinga ezibuhlungu ze-hemodynamic.
- I-Cerebral (i-fulminant, i-acute). Isithombe esitholakala emtholampilo sihambisana nokulahlekelwa yocwaningo kanye nokwehla okucindezelayo kwegazi emva kokuvezwa kwemisebe ye-80-120 Gy. Umphumela obulalayo ubonakala ezinsukwini ezintathu zokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi umuntu uyafa kungakapheli amahora ambalwa.
- Ukufa ngaphansi kwe-ray. Ngama-dose angaphezu kwe-120 Gy, inyama ephilayo ifa ngokushesha.
Isifo esingelapheki se-radiation sihlukaniswe ngo-3 izinhlobo:
- Okuyisisekelo. Ukuvezwa kwemisebe yangaphandle yombuso wangaphandle.
- Inhomogeneous. Ihlanganisa kokubili irradiation zangaphakathi nangaphakathi nethonya elikhethiwe kwezinye izitho nezicubu ezithile.
- Ihlangene. Ukutholakala okungakazelelwe emisebeni (yendawo kanye nesistimu) ngenomthelela jikelele kuwo wonke umzimba.
Izigigaba zokugula kwemisebe
Ubukhulu bokuphula umthetho buhlolwa ngokuhambisana nesamba semisebe esitholiwe. Izinga lokubonakaliswa kokugula kwe-radiation:
- ukukhanya - 1-2 Gy;
- medium-heavy - 2-4 Gy;
- enzima - 4-6 Gy;
- esindayo kakhulu - ngaphezu kuka-6 Gy.
Ukugula kwemisindo - izimpawu
Isithombe somtholampilo se-pathology sincike ekubunjweni kanye nasezingeni lokulimala ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi nezicubu. Izimpawu ezivamile zokugula kwemisebe endaweni elula:
- ubuthakathaka;
- isicasuli;
- ikhanda;
- i-blush ebizwa;
- ukulala;
- ukukhathala;
- umuzwa wokuma, ukufutheka emlonyeni .
Izimpawu zokwehliswa kwemisebe kumazinga aphezulu:
- ukuhlanza;
- umkhuhlane;
- isifo sohudo;
- ubomvu obunzima besikhumba;
- ukuphelelwa amandla;
- ikhanda elibi;
- i-hypotension;
- ukungaqondi kahle kwe-pulse;
- i-bradycardia ;
- ukungabi nokusebenzisana;
- ukuxubha kwamalungu;
- ukungabi nesifiso sokudla;
- itching;
- ukuvimbela emathunjini ;
- ukuphuma kwegazi;
- ukwakheka kwezilonda emangqamuzaneni amancane;
- ukulahlekelwa kwezinwele;
- ukugcoba, izipikili eziphazamisayo;
- ukuphazanyiswa kwezitho zangasese;
- ubuhlungu enhliziyweni ;
- Izifo zokuphefumula;
- ukuthuthumela kweminwe;
- ukunyamalala kwe-tendon reflexes;
- ukunciphisa ithoni ye-muscle;
- i-hemorrhages yangaphakathi;
- ukuwohloka komsebenzi ophezulu we-cerebral;
- isibindi nesibindi.
Izikhathi zokugula kwama-radiation
Ukulimala okukhulu kwemisebe kwenzeka emazingeni amane. Isikhathi ngasinye sincike esigabeni sokugula kwemisebe kanye nobukhulu bayo:
- Ukusabela okuyinhloko. Isigaba sokuqala sinezinsuku ezingu-1-5, isikhathi salo sibalwa kuye ngesilinganiso esitholiwe se-irradiation - inani elingu-Gy + 1. Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokusabela okuyinhloko ukuxila komzimba , okufaka izimpawu eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo - ukukhanda ikhanda, ubuthakathaka, ukuhlanza, ukubomvu kwesikhumba nokushisa komzimba .
- Inhlalakahle yokucabanga. Isigaba "sokuhamba kwesidumbu" sibonakala ngokungabikho kwesithombe esithile sokutholwa. Isigulane sicabanga ukuthi ukugula kwama-radiation sekuye kwaphela, kodwa izinguquko ze-pathological emzimbeni ziyaqhubeka. Ukuxilongwa kwesifo kungenziwa kuphela ngenxa yokwephulwa kwegazi.
- Ukushisa. Kulesi sigaba, eziningi zezimpawu ezibalwe ngenhla ziyabonakala. Ubuqili babo buxhomeke ekuqinikeni kwe-lesion kanye nomthamo wemisebe ye-ionizing eyamukelwe.
- Ukubuyisela. Ngomumo ovumelekile wemisebe ehambisana nokuphila, futhi ukwelashwa okwanele, ukuqala kabusha kuqala. Zonke izitho nezinhlelo kancane kancane zibuyela ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile.
Ukugula kwemithi - ukwelashwa
Ukwelashwa kwenzelwa emva kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa komuntu olimele. Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kokugula kwe-radiation kuncike ekungenikeni komonakalo kanye nobukhulu be-pathology. Uma sithola amancane amancane, sibheka phansi izimpawu zobuthi nokuhlanza umzimba wezinyosi. Ezimweni ezinzima, kuyadingeka ukwelashwa okhethekile, okuhlose ukulungisa zonke iziphazamiso eziye zavela.
Ukugula kwezidakamizwa yilona usizo lokuqala lwezokwelapha
Uma umuntu evezwe emisebeni, iqembu lezazi kufanele libizwe ngokushesha. Ngaphambi kokufika, udinga ukwenza ukuphathwa okuthile.
Ukugula okunamandla kakhulu - ukuqala kokuqala:
- Gwema ngokuphelele isisulu (izingubo zilahlwa).
- Geza ngokuphelele umzimba ngaphansi kwesha.
- Kuhle ukuhlanza amehlo, umlomo nomlomo we-sali nesisombululo soda.
- Sula isisu namathumbu.
- Nikeza i-antiemetics (i-Metoclopramide noma i-analogue).
Ukugula emisebeni enamandla - ukwelashwa
Uma ungena emtholampilo wesibhedlela umuntu ufakwa esigceme esingumzimba (ibhokisi) ukuvimbela ukutheleleka nezinye izinkinga ze-pathology echazwe. Ukugula kwezidakamizwa kudinga ukulawulwa kwalokhu okulandelayo:
- Ukuyeka ukuhlanza. Ukhethwe i-Ondansetron, i-Metoclopramide, i-Chlorpromazine ye-neuroleptic. Lapho kukhona isilonda, i-platifillin hydrotartrate noma i-atropine sulfate ifaneleka kakhulu.
- Ukuxoshwa. Ama-droppers ngesisombululo somzimba ne-glucose, kwenziwa amalungiselelo eDextran.
- Ukwelashwa kwesakhiwo. Ukugula okukhulu kwemisebe kuhilela ukondla kwe-parenteral. Ukwenza lokhu, ama-emulsions amafutha kanye nezixazululo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezici zokulandelela, ama-amino acids namavithamini - i-Intralipid, i-Lipofundin, i-Infezol, i-Aminol nabanye.
- Ukubuyiselwa kokubunjwa kwegazi. Ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwama-granulocyte futhi ukwandise ukuhlushwa kwabo emzimbeni ngokuphathekayo okulawulwe nge-Filgrastim. Iningi leziguli ezinezifo zemisakazo zifakazela ukumpontshelwa kwansuku zonke kwegazi lomnikelo.
- Ukwelapha nokuvimbela izifo. Ama- antibiotic anamandla anesenzo esiningi kakhulu adingekayo - i-Methylcin, i-Tseporin, i-Kanamycin kanye ne-analogues. Amalungiselelo ehlobo lwezinto eziphilayo, njenge-hyperimmune, i-plasma ye-antistaphylococcal, isiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwazo.
- Ukususwa komsebenzi we-microflora emathunjini kanye ne-fungi. Kulokhu, futhi, ama-antibiotics anqunywe - i-Neomycin, i-Gentamicin, i-Ristomycin. Ukuvimbela i-candidiasis, i-Nystatin, i- Amphotericin B.
- Ukwelashwa kwamagciwane. Njengokwelashwa kokuvimbela, i-Acyclovir inconywa.
- Ukulwa nokuphuma. Ukwenza ngcono i-coagulation yegazi nokuqinisa izindonga ze-vascular inikeza ama-hormone e-steroid, i-Dicinone, Rutin, iphrotheni ye-fibrinogen, ukulungiselela i-E-ACC.
- Ukubuyiselwa kwe-microcirculation nokuvimbela ama-clots wegazi. I-heparins esebenziwe - i-Nadroparin, i-Enoxaparin kanye ne-synonyms.
- Kupirovanie izinqubo zokuvuvukala. Umphumela osheshayo ukhiqizwa ngu-prednisolone kumanani amancane.
- Ukuvimbela kokuwa. Khombisa ama- glycosides enhliziyo , iNitacamide, Phenylephrine, Sulphocamphocaine.
- Ukuthuthukiswa komthethonqubo we-neuroendocrine. Ukujova nge-Novocain ngokungenakuduzwa, amavithamini B asetshenziswa ngaphezu kwalokho, i-calcium gluconate.
- Ukwelashwa kwe-antiseptic yezilonda emangqamuzaneni amancane. Isixazululo esinconywe soda noma i-novocaine, i-furatsilinom, i-hydrogen peroxide, i-emulsion propolis nokunye okunjalo.
- Ukwelashwa kwendawo yesikhumba esithintekile. Izindawo ezishisiwe zokugqoka ezimanzi ziyasetshenziswa neRivanol, i-Linol, i-Furacilin.
- Ukwelashwa okuphawulekayo. Kuye ngezibonakaliso ezitholakalayo, iziguli zibekelwe izidakamizwa, ama-antihistamine nemithi yokuhlunguphazwa, ukuthula.
Ukugula kwemisakazo engapheli - ukwelashwa
Isici esiyinhloko sokwelapha kuleso simo ukuphela kokuxhumana nomswakama. Ukuze uthole izilonda ezinomusa, kunconywa:
- ukudla okunamavithamini;
- sebenzisa i-therapy;
- izikhuthazo zemvelo zesimiso sezinzwa (i-lemongrass, ginseng nabanye);
- amalungiselelo we-bromine nge-caffeine;
- amavithamini weqembu B;
- on izinkomba - zokuthula.
Izindlela, indlela yokwelapha ukugula kwe-radiation yezimo ezingapheli esigabeni esinzima, zifana nezindlela zokwelapha zesimo esiyingozi se-pathology. Ukuqina kwamathonya ezempilo kuncike ku:
- izinga lokulimala komonakalo;
- ukuveza izici ezithile;
- ukutholakala kwezinkinga.
Imiphumela yokugula kwemisebe
Imvelo yemonakalo engaphenduki ihambisana nohlobo lwamaseli athola ionization kanye nomthamo owutholiwe. Imiphumela ye-exposure radioactive:
- unciphise isikhathi sokuphila;
- i-cataract;
- izicubu ezimbi;
- izakhi zofuzo (ifa);
- izinguquko ohlelweni lokuzala;
- ukuphefumula kwemithambo yegazi kanye nezicubu;
- izifo zokuzivikela kanye nabanye.
Ukugula kwezikhukhula - ukuvimbela
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sokubeletha. Ukuvimbela ukugula kwemisebe:
- ukuhlolwa kwezindawo ezivezwe emisebeni;
- ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi;
- ukwamukela ama-radioprotectors, i-vitamin C, i-B6 ne-P;
- ukusetshenziswa kwama-anabolics e-hormonal.