Ifilosofi yokuphila yindlela yokubukwa komuntu. Ukusesha izimpendulo zemibuzo esemqoka empilweni, kuyini incazelo yalo, kungani, ukuthi yini nokuthi ungayenza kanjani, akayeki. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izingqondo zezazi zefilosofi zifihliwe ngalokhu. Kuneziqu eziningi zemithi ezakhiwe, kepha abantu bazibuza yona le mibuzo.
Iyini ifilosofi yokuphila?
Umqondo "wefilosofi yokuphila" unezincazelo ezimbili:
- Ifilosofi yomuntu siqu, ephakathi nendawo eyisixazululo semibuto ekhona mayelana nesimo somuntu.
- Isiqondiso sefilosofi, esizalwe eJalimane engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX njengendlela yokusabela emqondweni. Abameli abakhulu:
- UWilhelm Dilthey;
- UHenri Bergson;
- Pierre Ado;
- UFriedrich Nietzsche;
- UGeorg Simmel;
- U-Arthur Schopenhauer.
Umqondo wokuphila ngefilosofi
Incazelo yokuphila ngefilosofi yayithathwe yingqondo yabaningi becabanga. Leli gama ngokwalo liyi-multi-value futhi lingabonwa kusuka kumaphuzu ahlukene okubuka:
- okuphilayo (njengendlela yokuphila kwendaba);
- kwengqondo (njengendlela yokuphila kolwazi);
- amasiko-omlando (njengendlela yokuphila kwesintu).
Ifilosofi yokuphila - imibono eyisisekelo
Ifilosofi yokuphila ihlangene ngokwayo izinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene ezihlangene ngemibono evamile. Kwavela njengendlela yokusabela emikhumeleni yamafilosofi esedlule, ehlelwe yimiqondo. Umqondo wefilosofi yokuphila wukuthi ukuba yiyona isimiso sokuqala, futhi kuphela kulowo ongakwazi ukuqonda okuthile. Zonke izindlela zomqondo zokuqondisisa zezwe - esikhathini esidlule. Bashintshwa ngabangenangqondo. Imizwa, imiqondo, ukukholwa yizinto eziyisisekelo zokuqonda iqiniso.
Ukungahleleki kanye nefilosofi yokuphila
Ukwehla kwamanye amazwe kusekelwe ekuhlanganiseni okuhlangenwe nakho kobuntu, ukubaluleka kwemvelo kanye nemizwa, ngokungafani nokuqonda okuhlakaniphile. Yena, njengokuthandana kwezincwadi, waba nesisombululo ekuziphenduleni kwemvelo. Kuboniswe emlandweni kanye nokuxhasana kukaWilhelm Dilthey. Kuye, lonke ulwazi lwangenxa yemibono yomlando, ngalokho waveza ukubaluleka kwabantu.
UJohn Georg Gaman, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, wenqaba inqubo yokuzindla, wafuna iqiniso ngokuzwa nokukholwa. Ukuzethemba komuntu yiyona ndlela ephelele yeqiniso. Umngani wakhe weqembu lokubhala "Isivunguvungu Nokuqothulwa" uFriedrich Jacobi wakhulisa ukuzethemba nokucaca kokholo ngokudinga ulwazi lwengqondo.
UFriedrich Schelling noHenri Bergson, abathintekayo ngokungafani kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu, baphendukela ekuziphenduleleni, okuyinto "ebona izinto ezingabonakali kwisayensi." Ingqondo ngokwayo ayizange isuswe, yalahlekelwa indima yayo yokuhola. I-Instinct iyinjini engaphansi kokuphila. I-Pragmatism, i-existenceentialism, ukungalingani ifilosofi yokuphila ekhulisa umbono wokuphila komuntu nokucabanga.
Incazelo yokuphila komuntu ifilosofi
Inkinga yencazelo yokuphila kwefilosofi iye yaba futhi ihlala ihambisana. Izimpendulo zemibuzo mayelana nenjongo yokuphila nokuthi yini eyenza izazi zefilosofi zendlela ezihlukahlukene zamakhulu eminyaka zifuna ukuphila:
- Izazi zefilosofi zasendulo zazingavumelani ukuthi umbono wokuphila komuntu ukhona ekuphishekeleni okuhle, injabulo. KuSocrates, injabulo ilingana nokuphelela komphefumulo. I-Aristotle - ukufaniswa komuntu. Futhi isisekelo somuntu umphefumulo wakhe. Umsebenzi ongokomoya, ukucabanga nokuqonda ukuholela enjabulweni. U-Epicurus wabona intshisekelo (injabulo) enjabulo, ayimelela hhayi injabulo, kodwa njengokwesaba, ukuhlupheka ngokomzimba nangokomoya.
- Ngezikhathi eziphakathi eYurophu, umbono wezincazelo zokuphila wawuhlobene ngokuqondile namasiko, izinkolelo zenkolo kanye namanani okufunda. Lapha kukhona ukufana nefilosofi yokuphila eNdiya, lapho ukuphindaphinda kokuphila kwabakhokho, ukulondolozwa kwesimo seklasi kuyisihluthulelo.
- Amafilosofi wekhulu le-XIX-XX akholelwa ukuthi ukuphila komuntu akusize futhi kungenangqondo. U-Schopenhauer wathi zonke izinkolo kanye nemifudlana yefilosofi zama nje ukuzama ukuthola inhloso futhi zenze ukuphila okungenanjongo kuthwale. Abakhona, uSartre, Heidegger, Camus, babalinganisa impilo ngokungenangqondo, futhi umuntu kuphela ongenza umqondo wezenzo zakhe nokuzikhethela kwakhe.
- Izindlela zanamuhla ezithandekayo nezokuziphendulela zithi impilo izuza lokho okushoyo, okubalulekile kumuntu ohlelweni lwakhe. Kungaba yinoma yini - impumelelo, umsebenzi, umndeni, ubuciko, ukuhamba. Umuntu othile uhlonipha impilo yakhe futhi ufuna. Lefilosofi yokuphila isondelene kakhulu nabantu abaningi banamuhla.
Ifilosofi yokuphila nokufa
Inkinga yokuphila nokufa kwefilosofi ingesinye isihluthulelo. Ukufa ngenxa yendlela yokuphila. Umuntu kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezifa, kodwa ngokungafani nezinye izilwane, uyazi ukuthi ufe. Lokhu kumqhubela emicabangweni mayelana nencazelo yokuphila nokufa. Zonke izimfundiso zefilosofi zingahle zihlukaniswe ngokomzimba zibe izinhlobo ezimbili:
- Akukho ukuphila ngemva kokufa . Emva kokufa, akukho muntu, kanye nomzimba womuntu, umphefumulo wakhe, ukuqonda kwakhe, kushabalala.
- Ukuphila ngemva kokufa . Indlela yokukholwa, ukuphila emhlabeni kuyilungiselelo lokuphila ngemva kokufa noma ukuphindukuzalwa.
Amabhuku ngefilosofi yokuphila ngokuzithuthukisa
Izinganekwane zingaba umthombo omuhle kakhulu wokukhanyiselwa kwefilosofi. Akukhona kuphela izincwadi zesayensi zesayensi noma ezithandwayo, ezilotshwe izazi zefilosofi, ezethula imibono emisha yefilosofi futhi zakha amandla ekuthuthukiseni okungokomoya . Izincwadi ezinhlanu lapho ifilosofi yokuphila komuntu ihanjiswa khona:
- "Ngaphandle" . Albert Camus. Le ncwadi iyinkolelo-ze, kulo mbhali wakwazi ukubonisa imibono eyisisekelo ye-existentialism, kangcono nakakhulu kunama-philosophical treatments.
- Siddhartha . UHermann Hesse. Le ncwadi izothatha imicabango yakho ekukhathazeni ngekusasa emicabangweni yobuhle besikhathi samanje.
- "Isithombe seDorian Gray" . Oscar Wilde. Incwadi enhle ngezingozi ezihlotshaniswa nokuziqhenya nokungazi lutho, kulo mfundi uzothola ukucinga okuningi nokuzihlola komzimba.
- "Yilokhu uZarathustra akushilo . " UFriedrich Nietzsche. I-Nietzsche ikhiphe enye yefilosofi yokuqala futhi eyinhloko emlandweni wakhe wonke. Imibono yakhe isathulisa amaqembu omphakathi. Abantu abaningi banqabile isiqubulo esithi "uNkulunkulu ufile," kodwa kulo msebenzi uNietzsche uchaza ngempela lesi simemezelo kanye nemibono ekhangayo mayelana nokuphila emhlabeni.
- "Ukuguqulwa . " Franz Kafka. Uma esevukile, iqhawe le ndaba lithola ukuthi seliphenduke inambuzane enkulu ...
Amafilimu mayelana nefilosofi yokuphila
Abaqondisi bashintsha imidwebo yabo esihlokweni sokuphila komuntu. Amafilimu mayelana nefilosofi yokuphila, okuzokwenza ucabange:
- «Umuthi Wokuphila» . Uqondiswa nguTerrence Malick. Le movie iphakamisa imibuzo yezimpendulo mayelana nencazelo yokuphila, inkinga yobunikazi bomuntu.
- "Ukukhanya Kwangunaphakade Kwengqondo Engenalutho . " Isithombe sikaMichel Gondry, esikhululwe esikrinini ngo-2004, luhlobo lwemfundiso yamafilosofi mayelana nendlela yokuphila impilo yakho, wenze amaphutha futhi ungakhohlwa ngabo.
- Umthombo . I-movie emnandi evela kuDarren Aranofsky izobonisa ukuhumusha okusha kweqiniso.