Lapho sizwa abaningi bethu igama elithi "logistics" - ukuthi liyini, ngokucacile akuwona wonke umuntu oqondayo. Leli gama liyi-multi-valued futhi lisho kuhlelo lomhlaba wonke isayensi yokuthutha okunembile kwezinsiza, futhi ngokwezindlela ezisebenzayo - ithuluzi lenhlangano enjalo.
Logistics - kuyini?
Ukuphathwa kwezinto ezifanele ukuphathwa kahle kolwazi, ukuphathwa kwempahla kanye nokuhamba komuntu, ngomqondo omncane - ukunciphisa izindleko nokuthuthukisa isikhathi sokulethwa kwezidingo kanye nemithombo yabantu. Umqondo uhlanganisa indlela yokuthuthukisa izindlela ezifanele zokulawula ukugeleza okunjalo. Umsebenzi wezinkampani zokuhweba, ukukhiqizwa kwamabhizinisi akunakwenzeka uma bengenalo ulwazi olufanele futhi olusebenzayo - yikuphi, bachaza izingxenye ezintathu ezibalulekile:
- Ukugeleza kwempahla - izinto, izinto zokusetshenziswa, izingxenye. Kumelwe zitholakale ngesikhathi esifanele futhi zithunyelwe ngaphandle kokulibala.
- Ukugeleza kwemali - irisidi nokusabalalisa izimali, ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwalezi zimali, ukuqapha umsebenzi womnyango wezezimali.
- Ukuhamba kolwazi - ukuhamba kolwazi kwenkampani, ebhizinisini. Abasebenzi kumele bathole ulwazi mayelana nomsebenzi webhizinisi ngesikhathi.
A logistic - hlobo luni lobuchwepheshe?
I-logistician ingumsebenzi ohlanganisa ukuhlela ukulethwa kwezimpahla ezithile kusuka ekhoneni A ukuya ekukhomba i-B ngenkunkuma encane kanye nesikhathi sokulethwa nokucabangela izithakazelo zekhasimende, umkhiqizi, umdayisi, abashayeli. Ubani i-logistician? Ngamazwi alula, ngumuntu ongakwazi ukuletha umkhiqizo ofanele ngesikhathi kanye nesikhathi esincane nomzamo. Ekuboneni kuqala lo msebenzi kulula, empeleni kudinga amakhono namakhono alandelayo:
- ukulalela;
- ukulungele umthwalo omkhulu;
- ikhono lokucabanga ngobuhlakani;
- ukulungele ukuhamba njalo nokuhamba njalo kwebhizinisi;
- ukuxhumana nokubekezela, uthando ngabantu.
Izinhlobo ze-logistics
Imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-logistics iyageleza: impahla kanye nokwaziswa. Zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene:
- impahla - iqondiswa ekuphathweni kwezimpahla: ukuhamba kwempahla;
- ulwazi - lawula ukugeleza kolwazi, luhlose ukwakha amanethiwekhi okuxhumana;
- inkampani yokuphathwa kwezimali;
- abasebenzi - ukunyakaza kokuhamba komuntu, ukwamukelwa nokuxoshwa kwabasebenzi, ukuqapha ukulandelwa kwemithetho yezabasebenzi.
Kungenzeka futhi ukuhlukanisa emkhakheni wezamabhizinisi. Ngakho, ngokusho kwesici esisebenza kahle, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko zesayensi okukhulunywa ngazo:
- ukuthutha (ukukhetha uhlobo lokuthutha kwezimpahla, ukuzimisela umzila wokunyakaza);
- imoto (ukuhamba kwempahla emikhulu);
- ukumaketha (ukuhanjiswa kwezimpahla, ukuthuthukiswa kweziteshi zokusabalalisa);
- ukuthengwa (ukucwaninga nokuhlola kwabahlinzeki);
- ulwazi (ukushintshaniswa kwedatha kanye nabalingani, ukulungiswa kokudluliswa kolwazi ebhizinisini phakathi kwabasebenzi);
- indawo yokugcina impahla (inhlangano yokuqaliswa kwemisebenzi yokugcina impahla, njengokulayisha, ukulayishwa, nokunye);
- amasiko (ukuhamba kwempahla yokungenisa ngaphakathi-ukuthekelisa).
Ukuphathwa kwezokuthutha
Isigaba sesayensi esibhekene nayo, ukubhekana nenhlangano yokulethwa kwezidingo, kubizwa ngokuthi ukuthutha. Izisekelo zezokuthuthwa kwezinto zokuthutha zingamelwa ngendlela yemithetho eyisithupha eyisisekelo:
- ukukhetha indlela enhle yokuthutha yokuthutha;
- Ukukhetha indlela yokuhamba;
- ukhetho lomthwali, izinkontileka nabanye abalingani be-logistics;
- ukwakhiwa kwemizila yokulethwa;
- ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo zokuthutha kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla;
- ukusetshenziselwa kwemingcele yenqubo yokuhambisa izimpahla (ukunciphisa izindleko, ukwanda ngesivinini sokuhamba).
Ukuthengiswa kwempahla yezimpahla
Ingxenye yezokuthutha ukuphathwa kwezimpahla; yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo komthamo wesitokisi esithintekayo; inhlangano yempahla ejwayelekile ngaphandle kwempahla yokugcina impahla, lapho umgomo oyinhloko we-logistics ubonakala khona. Umqondo oyinhloko lapha yiyunithi yezimpahla, okungukuthi, inani elithile lokukhiqiza, elibhekwa njengento engabonakali. Lapho ulayisha, ulayishwa, uhamba, asebenzisana nezinyathelo zempahla.
Ukuthengwa kwempahla
Okusemqoka kokuthengwa kwempahla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuhamba kwempahla eluhlaza. Enkampanini yokuhlinzeka inkampani ngemithombo yezinto ezibonakalayo, kubalulekile ukuphatha ukugeleza kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokufanele: ukuqonda lokho, ngubani, ngaphansi kweziphi izimo, ukuthi kungakanani ukuthenga. Ngenqubo yokuthenga, imisebenzi elandelayo kufanele ixazululwe:
- ukuzimisela isidingo semithombo, ukubalwa kwesidingo esinjalo, ukusungulwa kobuningi, imingcele yokuletha;
- ucwaningo lwezimakethe zokuthenga kanye nokukhethwa komthengi ofanele;
- ukuxoxisana nokuthengwa kwempahla;
- ukulawulwa kwezidingo.
Ulwazi Logistics
Umqondo we-logistics ukuhlolisisa imisebenzi yezomnotho yebhizinisi ngokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokukhiqiza, kodwa umsebenzi wanoma yimuphi inkampani ongenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphathwa okusemandleni okusebenza kwabantu nokudluliswa kolwazi. I-logistician akuyona nje umuntu osebenzisana nokunikezwa nokuthengiswa kwezimpahla, kodwa futhi nomphathi ofanelekayo. Imisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwesikhathi kwemilayezo ehambayo ohlelweni lokusakaza impahla, kubahlanganyeli ohlelweni lokungena kanye nabasebenzi bebhizinisi.
Indawo yokugcina impahla
Ukugcinwa kwezinto zokugcina impahla - ukuphathwa kwezinto zokugcina impahla, inqubo yokwamukela izinto zokugcina impahla, isitoreji kanye nokulethwa kwezimpahla ngokudayiswa okulandelayo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yalesi sigaba esincane: inhlangano efanelekayo yomnotho wokugcinwa kwempahla, ukubekwa kwezimpahla ezigcinwe ukugcina. Inqubo yokusebenza esitolo ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu:
- ukuhlinzekwa kwezimpahla zezimpahla, ukubalwa kwamasheya anjalo nokulawula kwabo;
- ukucubungula kanye nokuqoqwa kwempahla, ukubhaliswa kwemibhalo edingekayo, ukuthutha kwe-intra-warehouse, ukugcinwa kwezimpahla;
- oda ukuqoqa, ukulethwa kwezimpahla kumthengi, ukulawula ukugcwaliseka okulungile kwamakhosimende amakhasimende, isevisi yamakhasimende nokugcina impahla.
Ukukhishwa kwamasiko
Ukuphathwa kwempahla yokuhamba kwempahla, okuvela kwamanye amazwe nakwamanye amazwe, kubizwa ngokuthi amasiko. Abachwepheshe-izikhulu zamasiko zixazulula imisebenzi elandelayo:
- ukulinganiswa kwempahla;
- ukubhaliswa kwezimiso zamasiko;
- ukuhlola ukuhambisana kwempahla, ukuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona;
- ukuthutha kwezimpahla;
- uma kunesidingo, isitifiketi esilandelayo;
- ukulawula ukuhambisana nomthetho;
- ukuhambisana kwezimpahla ngemuva kwamasiko adlula.
Imisebenzi yezakhi
Yimiphi imisebenzi ye-logistics, yikuphi lokhu kwemisebenzi - sizocubungula ngokuningiliziwe kabanzi:
- Ukuhlanganisa - ukwakheka kwesistimu eyodwa ehlanganisiwe yokusakaza izimpahla. Azikho izigaba zokuhamba kwezimpahla kufanele zibhekwe ngokwahlukana, zonke ziyingxenye yendlela eyodwa yokuhambisa izimpahla. I-logist ihlanganisa izinyathelo zokuthengwa kwempahla, ukukhiqizwa, ukumaketha kwinqubo eyodwa, engabonakali.
- Ukuhlelwa - ukusebenzisana nokusebenzisana kwezenzo phakathi kwabahlanganyeli ekuhambeni kokuthengiswa kwempahla.
- Ukuphatha - ukuqinisekisa uhlelo lokusabalalisa impahla. Ukuphathwa nokuphathwa kungabonakali, konke ukuhamba kwezimpahla noma izinsizakalo kuyinkqubo efanele yokuphatha.
Amabhuku ku-logistics
Kunezincwadi eziningi ezichaza imiqondo eyisisekelo, izindlela kanye nemigomo ye-logistics:
- "Inventory Management in Chains Supply" (2009) / Sterligova A.N. - mhlawumbe, okungcono kakhulu encwadini yaseRussia mayelana nabaphathi ku-logistics.
- "Indlela yokuhlela indawo yokugcina impahla. Izincomo eziwusizo zochwepheshe "(2008) / Taran S.A. - enye yeziqondiso eziwusizo kakhulu, ezihleliwe futhi eziningiliziwe.
- "Ukusebenza Okungenayo Kwempahla" (2008) / Schreibfader J. - incwadi ebhalwe ngokuthakazelisayo, enezibonelo eziningi namathiphu ezithakazelisayo ekubikezelweni.
- "Ubuciko bokuphathwa kwempahla. Indlela yokunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle "(2007) / Emmett S. - umhlahlandlela owusizo wokuphathwa kwempahla.
- "Logistics. Ukuphathwa Kwezinketho Zokunikezela "(2003) / Amanzi D. ingenye yezincwadi zokuqala zangaphandle.
- "Ukuthutha kwezokuthutha emhlabeni jikelele: isifingqo sezinkulumo" (2008) / Zimovets A.V. - incwadi encwadini yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye namasiko.