Le nqubo ethile yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kokubili izilwane nabantu. Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa i-reflex engenakunqunywa futhi efakwe esimweni. Zihluke kanjani phakathi kwazo futhi ziyini izici zengqondo ezifakiwe?
Iyini i-reflex conditioned?
Ochwepheshe bathi ukucabanga okuguquguqukayo kwengqondo kunesidingo esitholakalayo, esicacile kumuntu ngamunye. Kungabonakala kuyo yonke impilo futhi kungabi yizici zofuzo, okungukuthi, akuzukuzuzwa njengefa. Izingqondo ezinjalo zingathuthukiswa ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezithile futhi ziphele uma zingekho. Kulesi simo, bayakwazi ukwakha ngesisekelo sabangenalutho ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zobuchopho. Izimpendulo ze-Reflex zingancika ekuhlangenwe nakho okudala, ezimweni ezithile lapho kuvela khona isimo se-reflex.
Izimpawu zengqondo ezifakiwe
Ukuze uthole ukuthi yikuphi ukucabanga umuntu anakho okunemibandela akulona kunzima kakhulu. Kulokhu udinga ukwazi ngezibonakaliso zayo eziyinhloko:
- Uhlamvu olungathandekayo lwezindlevu. Siyabonga, ukuziphatha kuba ipulasitiki ikakhulukazi.
- Zonke izimo ezinengqondo ezifakiwe zidalwa ngokubamba iqhaza izingxenye eziphakeme zobuchopho. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukusabela okuguquguqukayo akukwazi ukuthi kubhekwe ukusabela okufakiwe kwe-reflex.
- Izimo ezinengqondo ezinjalo zingavuka noma zinyamalale, futhi zihlukile kulabo abangenayo.
- Lesi sici sinomlingiswa wesignali, ohlala njalo uxwayiswa futhi olandelwa yibo bonke abazayo.
Izinhlobo zengqondo ezifakiwe
Kunesigaba esikhethekile se-reflexes esimisiwe. Zihlukaniswe zibe yi-receptor, izimpawu ze-effector nokubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke ngokusho kwe-receptor, ukuzindla okufakiwe kubantu kubhekene:
- i-exteroceptive;
- ukusebenzisana;
- i-proprioceptive.
Ngokusayina kwe-effectoral bahlukaniswe ngokuthi:
- i-vegetative;
- somatotrophic.
Ngokubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo zibizwa ngokuthi:
- ukudla;
- ukuzivikela;
- ucansi;
- i-statokinetic;
- locomotor.
Izinhlobo zokuvimbela izimo ezibucayi
Izazi zengqondo zithi ukuvimbela izimo ezinengqondo ezifakiwe kunamanye amaningana - azalwa futhi azuza. Owokuqala uhlukaniswe lawa ma-subspecies:
- Ukuvinjelwa kwangaphandle - kungenzeka ngenxa yokuma kwe-reflex esesimweni esivele ikhona, lapho kwenziwa izenzo ezithintekayo.
- Ngaphezulu - ingavela ngaphansi kwesenzo sesignali esinesimo esiphezulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana okuthile phakathi kwamandla okuvuselelwa okufakiwe nokubaluleka kwempendulo, "umthetho wamandla". Ngakho-ke isibonakaliso esinamandla, sinamandla kakhulu ekuphenduleni.
Ukukhwabanisa okunemibandela kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
- Ukuqeda - kungenzeka uma isignali esimisiwe isetshenziswa kabusha futhi ingaqinisekiswa. Ekuqaleni, ukucabanga okuguquguqukayo kuyaba buthakathaka, futhi emva kwesikhashana kuyanyamalala ngokuphelele. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uyakwazi ukubuyisela.
- Ukuvinjelwa okulindile kungenzeka ngesikhathi sokugcizelela imizuzu eyodwa noma emithathu maqondana nokuqala kwesenzo sesignali esimisiwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvela kwesimo esithintekayo kungashukumisela ngesikhathi sokuqiniswa.
- Ukuhlukahluka - kungenziwa kukhiqizwa ngesikhathi kuhlanganiswa okwenziwe ngokwengeziwe, okuyinto esondelene nesimo esisodwa.
Kunokuba i-reflex ehlelekile ihluke kokungenakunqunywa?
Kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokucabanga:
- Izingqinamba ezinemibandela, ngokungafani nabangenasidingo, zibizwa ngokuthi izimpendulo ezitholakalayo ekuphileni komuntu ngamunye. Ukungahambisani nalokhu - okubangelwa yi-congenital, okungazuza njengefa.
- Izinhlobo ezingafani - okusho ukuthi zihlukile kubamele bezinhlobo ezithile. Izimo ezinemibandela ziyimfihlo.
- Ukungaqondakali kunomphela futhi kukwazi ukuhlala impilo, futhi kunemibandela - engeyona unomphela futhi ingabonakala, ithola indawo futhi ilahleke.
- Izimo ezinemibandela zingathuthukiswa ngesisekelo sokungabikho kwemibandela.
- Uma okungenakunqotshwa kukhiqizwa ngenxa yezingxenye ezingezansi zesimiso sezinzwa eziphakathi, lezi zimo zibhekiswe ngenxa yomsebenzi wezingxenye eziphakeme zesimiso sezinzwa eziphakathi .
- Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kuvela njengendlela yokusabela kunoma yisiphi isenzo esinqunyiwe futhi sakhiwe ngokuqinile, futhi ukucabanga okufakiwe kungabonakala kunoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka.
- Ukungahambisani nokuziphendulela kuyindlela yokusabela kwisimo esithile, futhi kunemibandela - ezindaweni zokuvuselela.
Iziphi izimo ezidingekayo ekuthuthukiseni i-reflex conditioned?
Kubonakala ukuthi ukuchazwa kwe-reflex conditioned kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile:
- Isimo esihle kakhulu somzimba.
- Ukungabi nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi osebenzayo.
- Izinga elibalulekile lokuzwakalisa ukuvuselelwa okungekho emthethweni noma okulungiselelwe kahle.
- Ukuphakama kwesisusa esimisiwe.
Indlela yokuthuthukisa i-reflex efakwe kubantu?
Noma ubani onesithakazelo sokuthuthukisa indlela yokucubungula isimo kufanele aqonde ukuthi ukucabanga okunjalo kuthuthukiswa ngokwayo lapho kunezimo ezidingekayo futhi kungenasisekelo. Isibonelo:
- Ekamelweni lokungena iminyaka eminingi inkinobho yayisekudla. Ngemuva kokulungiswa kwasuswa ngakwesobunxele bomnyango, kodwa lowo muntu uzodinga inkinobho ngakwesokudla isikhathi eside - yilo lonke isenzo se-reflex esimisiwe.
- Ukushayela kungenxa yezizindla ezifakiwe. Konke, ukuqhuma, ukuguqulwa kwamagesi, ukusetshenziswa kwezibuko - izimpendulo ezicacisiwe ezitholakala ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. I-reflex esebenze kahle futhi ehleliwe kulokhu ibizwa ngokuthi yinto yokushayela.
- Ukunciphisa isikhathi phakathi komsindo wesibhamu kusukela epistolini yokuqala nokuqala kokunyakaza, ukuqala okusheshayo nokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe, okuyisibonelo, okudlala indima ebalulekile ku-sprint, ngakho-ke ukuqala kwesibhamu kuqeqeshwe nje ngokuthuthukisa i-reflex conditioned.
Kungani isimo sengqondo esiphezulu singahle siphelelwe yisikhathi?
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izimo ezibucayi eziphelile ziphela uma isimo esivelele singasakwazi ukusebenzisana nesisusa esingenasidingo. Ngamanye amazwi, uma isikhuthazo esimisiwe singaba sizimele, ngaphandle kokungahambisani naso, khona-ke ukuphendula okumelelekile kuyanyamalala. I-reflex efakwe esimweni sitholakale, kodwa hhayi ekuzalweni, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa kuphela, kodwa futhi iyakwazi ukucima.