Kwavela eGreece lasendulo futhi kwahunyushwa ngokuthi "ukukhohlisa ngosizo lwamagama". Ngaphandle kwalo, kunzima ukucabanga ukuxhumana okulula, izincwadi, ifilosofi, isiko labantu. Ngesizo salo, ungakwazi ukukhomba okuthile futhi udlulisele iqiniso. Kuyini ukugxekwa yisihloko salesi sihloko.
Kuyini ukucabangela?
Ukuhlekwa okucashile, okufihlekile. Labo abanesithakazelo ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi kufanele yini ukuphendula ukuthi injongo yalo ukuphambene nencazelo yangempela yamazwi ngencazelo yabo yangempela. Okusho ukuthi, umuntu uyobe engamahloni, ebiza owesibindi onesibindi noma ohlakaniphile. Ukuhlambalaza kudlale indima ebalulekile emasikweni amasiko, ama-satirical of books kanye namahlaya asendulo. Abantu abaningi basebenzisa le-oratory ukusikisela okuthile.
Irony - Psychology
Ububi obunjalo budala umqondo wokuthi indaba yokuxoxisana akuyona into ebonakalayo. Ukubuza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuphikisa, ungaphendula ukuthi kuyisibonakaliso sengqondo esicashile, ubukhulu bomphefumulo nomusa, kodwa empeleni kuyindlela yokuzivikela. Incazelo yalo ifihliwe ngaphansi kwegobolondo yenkulumo engalungile yencazelo yalokho okushiwo. Uhlala ephika isimo sengqondo futhi akayizimpande kunoma yikuphi isikhundla: ngokungavamile, ngaphezu kwesinye isihloko esithinta noma "siphume ngaphandle," umuntu osiziwayo uthinta okuphambene naye.
Ukucasuka kwefilosofi
Njengesikhundla esibalulekile , insimbi yokukhuluma ngefilosofi, ukuhleka usulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nelekuqala kwekhulu le-19. Ukudweba okuhlangenwe nakho kukaSocrates, owasebenzisa umqondo wokungaboni ngaso impikiswano nama-sophists, ne-romantics yaseJalimane uSchelel noMüller, izibalo zaleso sikhathi zazibheka kanje:
- UZolger wayeyibheka njengesisekelo sobuciko.
- I-A.F. U-Losev wasebenzisa njengedivayisi ecacisayo, ehluke nomqondo oveziwe.
- U-K. Marx no-F. Engels bafaka umqondo wokungahloniphi komlando, okwakubangelwa ukuthi abantu abenza izinguquko badikibala ngalokhu futhi baqaphela ukuthi kwakungeyona neze into ababeyilwela.
Izinhlobo ze-irony
- Umzila oqondile . Ihlose ukuhlukumeza futhi ukunikeza lo mkhuba kuchaza umlingisi ombi noma ohlekayo.
- Ukulwa nempi . I-Irony nezinhlobo zayo zihlanganisa ukulwa nempi. Lokhu kuyincazelo ehlukile yokuhlekwa ngokuqondile. Ngempela, yini ukugxekwa kuyindlela yokubonisa into engafaneleki.
- Ukuzithoba . Ukuhleka usulu, into okuyiyo umuntu oyedwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-subtext yayo ingaba nencazelo emihle lapho uchwepheshe ekhuluma ngokwakhe njengongasebenzi ongenalutho.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kokungacabangi nokuhlambalaza?
Okokuqala kuyisici esibucayi se-comic. I-irony njengendlela yokuzizwa ngokuyinhloko ihlaya, eliphikisana nencazelo yangempela yamazwi ngencazelo yangempela. Kubangela ukuhleka futhi akukho lutho. Umehluko phakathi kokungacabangi nokuhlambalaza ukuthi okwesibini akubangeli ukumomotheka. It isetshenziselwa ukugxekwa nokuhlukumezeka kwezimfanelo zokuziphatha zento. I-Sarcasm idinga ukugxeka umphakathi nokulahlwa.
Nazi umehluko wezici:
- I-irony ifihla futhi igubha into yokukhuluma. I-Sarcasm ikhuza ngesilinganiso esincane semallegory.
- Inkulumo evamile ihlale ifomu elihle, ngokungafani nokuhlekwa okumboziwe, okusho ukuthi kuncishiswe incazelo. I-Sarcasm ibonisa ngokuqondile indaba yokugxekwa okuhlehlisayo.
- I-Irony njengenhlobo yamahlaya isetshenziselwa izinhlobo zokuhlekisa nokukhuluma ngomlomo.
- I-Sarcasm iyisibonakaliso sokuxolisa okubukhali. Isetshenziswe yizikhulumi ezinkulumweni zabo zokumangalela nabalobi bemibhalo yokukhangisa enokuqukethwe komphakathi nezombangazwe.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kokulingana nokucasula?
Owokuqala uhlobo lwamahlaya wobuciko. Kusukela ekuhlekeleni nasekudleni, uhlukaniswa ngokubukhali kokusola. Amandla ayo axhomeke ekubalukeni komphakathi kwesimo esithathwe yi-satirist kanye nokuphumelela kwamanothi - ukuhlambalaza, i-hyperbole, i-allegory, i-grotesque, i-parody. Njengoba uhlobo oluvela ezincwadini zamaRoma, bese lithatha ezinye izinhlobo zobuciko:
- i-cinema;
- isiteji;
- I-TV;
- izincwadi (amahlaya);
- I-ISO (i-cartoon, i-cartoon);
- journalism (feuilleton) kanye nabanye.
Umehluko phakathi kokulinganisa nokuxolisa ukuthi ulwa nento efanekisiwe ekhonjisiwe. Kubonakala ngomsebenzi, isiqondiso esinamandla nesinqunyiwe . Ekuthukeleni, ukuhleka njalo kuhambisana nokuthukuthela nokuthukuthela. Ngokuvamile bafika phambili, baphikise ngokungenangqondo. Abalobi ababhalela uhlobo lobuhlanga babandakanya:
- Saltykov-Shchedrin.
- I-Swift.
- Walter.
- Beaumarchais nabanye.
Indlela yokufunda ukucasula?
Ikhono lokugxila amagama ngokuhlakanipha lingasiza ekuphileni. Phela, ukucabangela kuyadingeka ukuze "uhlabe izimpondo" ngokwemvelo futhi ungabonakali ukushiyeka komuntu ngokuqondile, kodwa udlale ngokweqile ngamagama ukuze ulondoloze nesithunzi sawo. Kubalulekile ukucabangela iminyaka yezilaleli, ubulili, ukucabanga, amasiko amasiko. Ukudlala ngokushelela ngamazwi ongawafunda, uma:
- Okuningi okufanele ufunde, ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kokuhleleka. Khetha lezi zigaba zakuleli, ezizosiza ukuthuthukisa inkulumo nokucabanga.
- Umbuzo ophazamisayo, indlela yokufunda ukuhlekisa nokucasula, ungakuleka ukuba ufunde kukho konke ukubona umehluko. Kubalulekile ukusho okuphambene nalokho okushiwo. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokungacabangi ukusetshenziswa kwe-hyperbole, okungukuthi, ukuphanga. Igama elithi "qualitative" lishintshwa "yizimpahla zabathengi".
- Khumbula izinkulumo eziqinile futhi uzifake enkulumweni yakho: "izandla zegolide", "amahlumela ayisikhombisa ebunzini", njll.