Ukuzikhethela okungajwayelekile kunomuthi kuyi-hematology, abantu abaningi abaqapheli, isifo sesifo sofuba singobani, yiziphi izifo aziphathayo futhi yiziphi izimo zokubonisana nodokotela okudingekayo. Masikhulume ngalokhu konke okunye.
I-Hematologist - ngubani lo futhi yini ephilisa?
I-Hematology - ukuhlukaniswa kwemithi, ogama lakhe linemiphakathi yasendulo yesiGreki futhi lihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukufundisa negazi." Umsebenzi oyinhloko walesi sayensi ukutadisha isakhiwo nokusebenza kwesistimu yegazi. Ngaphansi kwesimiso segazi kuqondwa zonke izitho ze-hemopoiesis (i-bone marrow, i-lymph nodes, thymus), izitho zokubhujiswa kwegazi (i-spleen, imithambo yegazi) kanye negazi ngokwalo (izingxenye zalo). Ukuqhubekela phambili kulokhu, udokotela-isifo semfuyo senza umsebenzi wokudalula nokwelashwa kwe-pathologies yesistimu yegazi.
Njengoba igazi lihlanza zonke izitho kanye nezicubu zomzimba, zihlanganisa nabo isixhumanisi esingenakuqhathaniswa, izidumbu ze-hematologists zidinga ukuba nolwazi olunzulu lwesayensi yezokwelapha. Ukufaneleka kochwepheshe kule nsimu kuyamukelwa ngabahlengikazi emva kokufunda iminyaka emibili e-hematology. Esikhathini esizayo, insimu yomsebenzi we-hematologist ingase ihlotshwe kwenye yezindawo ezimbili:
- Umsebenzi wokucwaninga - usebenza kuma laboratories lapho kuhlaziywa khona izibalo ezihlukahlukene zegazi namasampula omnyo wesifuba futhi imiphumela yabo ihunyushwa, kwenziwa ucwaningo, izindlela ezintsha zokuxilonga nokwelashwa zenziwa.
- Ukwelashwa nemisebenzi ye-prophylactic - umsebenzi osebenzayo ngokuqondile neziguli, okubandakanya ukwemukelwa kweziguli, ukuqokwa kwezinyathelo zokuxilonga, ukukhethwa kwemithi yokwelapha njalonjalo.
I-hematologist yiyiphi?
Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, ukucaciswa kwesifo se-hematologist esisebenzayo sigxile ekuxilongweni kwe-pathologies yesistimu yegazi kanye nokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba odokotela bafundela izimbangela zokuvela kwezifo, izindlela zabo zokuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwazo. Bambisana kakhulu nodokotela bezinye izinto ezikhethekile: odokotela abahlinzayo, oncologists, gynecologists, geneticists njalonjalo. Kuneziqondiso ezinjalo njenge-hematologist yezingane (usebenzisana nezifo zegazi ezinganeni), isazi se-hematologist-oncologist (uhlanganyela ekwamukeleni nasekwelapha izifo ezimbi zesistimu yegazi).
Yini ephethe isifo segazi?
Ukucabangela, i-hematologist-ukuthi ngubani, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi insimu yomsebenzi waloluchwepheshe ihlanganisa izifo ezingabangela ukwephula ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye zegazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akusikho ikhono lakhe lokulimaza izitho ze-hematopoiesis noma ukubhujiswa kwegazi, kungabangela ukwehluleka kokusetshenziswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye zegazi (isib. Ukulimala kwamapule, ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes nabanye).
Ukuze uqonde kangcono lokho okwenziwa yi-hematologist, bhala uhlu lwezifo eziyinhloko azithathayo:
- i-anemia yemvelaphi ehlukahlukene;
- i-myeloma;
- i-myeloid leukemia ;
- i-lymphocytic leukemia;
- I-autoimmune thrombocytopenia ;
- ukugula kwemisebe;
- i-leukocytosis;
- i-leukopenia njalonjalo.
Kufanele ngifinyelele nini ku-hematologist?
Kunezibonakaliso ezithile okufanele zizinakekele, ngoba zingabonakalisa izinkinga ze-hematologic. Masihlukanise lezi zibonakaliso, sibonise ukuthi kufanele sibheke nini i-hematologist:
- ukushisa komzimba okwandisiwe, okuphawulwe ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yesizathu esicacile;
- ubuthakathaka obuphikelela, ukukhathala;
- ukujuluka okukhulu;
- ukubomvu okuqhubekayo kwesikhumba sobuso;
- i-cyanosis yesikhumba, engahlanganiswa nezifo zezitho zangaphakathi;
- i-lymph nodes ekhulisiwe;
- ubuhlungu obuvamile ekhanda lomsuka ongaziwa;
- ukulahlekelwa isisindo ngaphandle kwezizathu zomgomo;
- ukulimaza ngama-bumps amancane;
- ukuphuma kwegazi isikhathi eside emva kokunciphisa okuncane;
- ukuzwa okuvamile kokukhawula eminwebeni;
- ukungahambisani kwesikhathi isikhathi eside.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubonisana kwe-hematologist kuyadingeka ezimweni ezinjalo:
- ukuqala kokukhulelwa;
- ukuhlela ukukhulelwa kwengane;
- isizinda somsakazo okhulayo endaweni yokuhlala.
Ukuqashwa kuka-hematologist kanjani?
Ngokuvamile, i-hematologist ithola ukudluliselwa ekuqondiseni umuthi wendawo noma omunye udokotela oya khona. Lezi zinkathi zamukela iziguli ezikhungweni ezinkulu zezokwelapha, i-polyclinics yezemvelo, imitholampilo yangasese, futhi ngeke uthole ama-hematologists ezindaweni ezivamile ze-polyclinics zesifunda. Lapho uzobona isidumbu segazi, kufanele ulungele ukuthi ezinye izinto zokuxilonga zingahlelwa ngosuku olufanayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunconywa ukuthi le mithetho elandelayo ibhekwe:
- Ungadli amahora angu-12 ngaphambi kokuvakashela i-hematologist.
- Ungabhemi noma uphuze utshwala.
- Hlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi.
- Nciphisa uketshezi okuketshezi ngosuku ngaphambi kokubonisana.
Uhlola kanjani isifo semfuyo?
Iziguli eziningi ezizovakashela lochwepheshe, zikhathazekile ngalokho i-hematologist ihlola, ukuthi izamukelwa kanjani. Ezimweni eziningi, ukwamukela kuqala ngeqiniso lokuthi udokotela ulalela izikhalazo, uxoxisana nesiguli, ufunde umlando wezokwelapha. Emva kwalokhu, ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba kwenziwa, okufaka okulandelayo:
- Ukwakhiwa kwe-lymph nodes;
- ukuhlolwa kwamathani;
- i-palpation yelwane;
- ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba, izitho zangasese.
Yiziphi izivivinyo ezingabhekana nesifo segazi?
Idatha etholakele ngemuva kokuqoqwa kwe-anamnesis nokuhlolwa kwangokwenyama, ayivumi ukuvumela ukucacisa ngokuphambene ukuphambuka okujwayelekile, unganiki isithombe esiphelele se-pathology. Lokhu kudinga izifundo ezithile zelabhutri kanye nezinsimbi. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izivivinyo ezichaza ukuthi i-hematologist ibekaphi, futhi iqhuba zonke izifundo ezidingekayo. Okokuqala, kudingeka ukuhlolwa kwegazi kanye nokuhlolwa kwegazi. Labo abenze kakade lokhu, isifo semfuyo singancoma izinqubo ezinjalo:
- Ukuhlolwa kwegazi for syphilis (ukusabela Wasserman);
- ukuhlolwa kwegazi nge-HIV;
- ukuhlola igazi nge-hepatitis;
- i-coagulogram;
- ukuhlaziywa okujwayelekile komchamo;
- ukuhlolwa kwendwangu yegazi elilindile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kudingekile ukuba kwenziwe umthambo wamathambo ngokuhlolwa kwe-laboratory elandelayo yesikhombisi (myelogram) kanye nezindlela zokuphenya ezithize:
- I-Ultrasound yesigxobo esiswini nesilonda;
- i-tomography ehlanganisiwe;
- imaging resonance magnetic;
- i-radiography yamathambo aphansi;
- ukudweba.
Iseluleko se-Hematologist
Izifo ze-Hematologic zingenye yezingozi kakhulu, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuzivimbela. Ukuze uqaphele ukuqhubeka kwesifo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubalulekile ukubonisana nodokotela ngokushesha uma kukhona izibonakaliso eziyisixwayiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuhambisana nezincomo ze-hematologist:
- Yenza njalo ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukulawula izinga lama-leukocytes, amangqamuzana egazi obomvu ne-hemoglobin;
- Gwema imikhuba emibi;
- Isikhathi esiningi esichithwa emoyeni omusha;
- Ngena kumidlalo.