Inkolelo kaDarwin - ubufakazi nokuphikisana kwenkolelo yemvelaphi yomuntu

Ngo-1859 umsebenzi we-naturalist wamaNgisi uCharles Darwin washicilelwa - The Origin of Species. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ibalulekile ekuchazeni imithetho yentuthuko yezwe eliphilayo. Ufundiswa ezikoleni ezinkampanini ze-biology, futhi ngisho namanye amasonto azibonile.

Iyini inkolelo kaDarwin?

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yimbono yokuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo zivela okhokho ovamile. Igcizelela imvelaphi yemvelo yokuphila kanye noshintsho. Izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ziguqukela ezidalweni ezilula, lokhu kuthatha isikhathi. Esikhathini sekhodi yezakhi zohlobo lwezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo ezenzekayo, zikhona eziwusizo ezihlalayo, ezisiza ukusinda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baqoqa, futhi umphumela uwuhlobo oluthile, hhayi nje ukuhluka koqobo, kodwa okukhona ngokuphelele.

Izincazelo eziyisisekelo zenkolelo kaDarwin

Inkolelo kaDarwin yemvelaphi yomuntu ihlanganisiwe ekuthuthukiseni konke ukuguquka kwemvelo. UDarwin wayekholelwa ukuthi u-Homo Sapiens uvela esimweni sokuphila esingaphansi futhi unokhokho ovamile ne-monkey. Imithetho efanayo yaholela ekubukeni kwayo, ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izinto eziphilayo zavela. Umqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo usekelwe ezimisweni ezilandelayo:

1. Ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile . Izimila zezinhlobo zihlala zizinzile, ngoba ingxenye encane yenzalo isinda futhi iphindwe.
2. Umzabalazo wokusinda . Izingane zesizukulwane ngasinye kufanele zincintisane ukuze ziphile.
3. Ukuguquguquka . Ukuguquguquka kuyisici esizuzwe njengefa esenza amathuba okuphila nokukhiqiza endaweni ethile.
4. Ukukhetha okwemvelo . Imvelo "ikhetha" iziphilayo eziphilayo ngezimfanelo ezifanele kakhulu. Inzalo izuza ifa elihle kakhulu, kanti lezi zinhlobo zithuthukiswa indawo ethile.
5. Ubuchwepheshe . Kulezi zizukulwane, ukuguqulwa okuwusizo kuye kwanda kancane, kanti ababi baphelekile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinguquko ezanqwabelana zikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba umphumela ubukeka okusha.

Inkolelo kaDarwin iyinqiniso noma yeqiniso?

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaDarwin - indaba yezimpikiswano eziningi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ososayensi bangatshela ukuthi imikhomo yasendulo yayinjani, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi - ayinayo ubufakazi obungokwemvelo. I-Creationists (abalandeli bokuvela kuNkulunkulu) babona ukuthi lokhu kungubufakazi bokuthi akukho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Bahleka ngombono wokuthi kukhona nanoma i-whale yomhlaba.

Ubufakazi bombono kaDarwin

Ukuze injabulo yamaDarwin, ngo-1994 i-paleontologists ithola izinsalela ze-ambulocetus, i-whale yokuhamba. I-forelegs ebomvu yamsiza ukuba ahambe ngaphesheya, futhi ngemuva nangemsila onamandla-ibhukuda. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinsalela eziningi zezinto eziguquguqukayo, okuthiwa "izixhumanisi ezingekho", zitholiwe. Ngakho-ke, inkolelo kaCharles Darwin yemvelaphi yomuntu yaqiniswa ukutholakala kwezinsalela zePithecanthropus, uhlobo oluphakathi phakathi kwe-monkey nomuntu. Ngaphandle kwe-paleontological kunezinye izibonakaliso zemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo:

1. Ukuziphatha ngokwemvelo - ngokuvumelana nenkolelo kaDarwinian, imvelo ngayinye entsha ayidalwa ngokusuka ekuqaleni, konke kuvela okhokho ovamile. Isibonelo, isakhiwo esifanayo sezinyawo zamanqina namaphiko aphikisiwe asichazwe ngokwemibandela ye-Umbuso, kungenzeka ukuthi wawuthola okhokho ovamile. Omunye angaphinda afake izitho ezinhlanu ezinamaphiko, isakhiwo somlomo esifanayo ezinambuzane ezihlukene, izivumelwane, ama-rudiments (izitho eziye zalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwazo ohlelweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo).
2. I-embryological - wonke ama-vertebrates afana kakhulu emibungu. Ingane yomuntu, eye yahlala esibelethweni inyanga eyodwa, ine amasaka kagill. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi okhokho babeyizakhamuzi zamanzi.
3. I-molecular-genetic and biochemical - ubunye bokuphila ezingeni le-biochemistry. Uma zonke izidalwa zingezangezikhokho ezifanayo, ziyoba nekhodi yazo siqu, kepha i-DNA yazo zonke izidalwa iqukethe ama-nucleotide angu-4, futhi angaphezu kuka-100 emvelo.

Ukuphikiswa kwengqondo kaDarwin

Inkolelo kaDarwin ayinakwenzeka - leli phuzu kuphela elanele abagxekayo ukuba bangabaze yonke into efanele. Akekho owake wabona ukuguquguquka kwemvelo - Angizange ngibone uhlobo olulodwa luguqula olunye. Futhi noma kunjalo, uma okungenani imonkey eyodwa izobe ishintshe ibe umuntu? Lo mbuzo ubuzwa yibo bonke abangabaza imibono kaDarwin.

Amaqiniso aphikisana nenkolelo kaDarwin:

1. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi iplanethi yoMhlaba ineminyaka engaba ngu-20 kuya ku-30 ​​000 ubudala. Lokhu kusanda kuthiwa yizazi eziningi ze-geologist zihlola uthuli lwe-cosmic emhlabeni wethu, iminyaka yemifula nezintaba. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukaDarwin kwathatha izinkulungwane zezigidi zeminyaka.
2. Umuntu unama-chromosomes angu-46, kanti inambuzane inama-48. Lokhu akuhambisani nomqondo wokuthi umuntu nomonkey babekhokho ovamile. Njengoba "ilahlekile" ama-chromosomes endleleni esuka ku-monkey, lezi zinhlobo azikwazanga ukuguquka zibe ezifanele. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezedlule, akukhona neyodwa inhlanzi engazange ifike, futhi akukho monkey eyodwa eye yaba ngumuntu.
3. Ubuhle bemvelo, okuyinto, isibonelo, ama-anti-Darwin abonisa umsila we-peacock, ahlangene nosizo. Kuyoba khona ukuziphendukela kwemvelo - umhlaba wawuzokwakhiwa izilo.

Imfundiso kaDarwin nesayensi yesimanje

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yavela lapho ososayensi bengasazi lutho ngezakhi zofuzo. UDarwin wabona indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa wayengazi ngalendlela. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izakhi zofuzo zaqala ukukhula - zivula ama-chromosomes namagciwane, kamuva ahlaziya i-molecule ye-DNA. Kwabesosayensi abathile, inkolelo kaDarwin ingavunyelwe - isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo senziwa sinkimbinkimbi, futhi inani lama-chromosomes kubantu nasezinkenyeni lihlukile.

Kodwa abalandeli beDarwinism bathi uDarwin akakaze athi indoda ivela emlonyeni - inomzali ovamile. Ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo zamaDarwin kwagxila ekuthuthukiseni inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ukufakwa kwezakhi zofuzo enkulumweni kaDarwin). Izinguquko zomzimba nezokuziphatha ezenza ukhetho lwemvelo lwenzeke ezingeni le-DNA nezakhi zofuzo. Izinguquko ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi yizinguquko. Ukuguqulwa kwemithi kukhona izinto ezibonakalayo lapho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusebenza khona.

Imfundiso kaDarwin - amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Imfundiso kaCharles Darwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngumsebenzi womuntu othi, ngenxa yokushiya udokotela wakhe ngenxa yokwesaba igazi , waya ekufundeni inkolo. Amaqiniso ambalwa athakazelisayo:

1. Inkulumo ethi "onamandla kunazo zonke okusinda" ingokwamaDarwin-Herbert Spencer wesikhathi esifanayo nowengqondo.
2. UCharles Darwin akazange afunde kuphela izinhlobo eziphilayo zezilwane, kepha wadla nabo.
3. ISonto Lase-Anglican laxolisa ngokusemthethweni kumlobi wenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nakuba eminyakeni engu-126 ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Imfundiso kaDarwin nobuKristu

Ekuboneni kokuqala, ingqikithi yenkolelo kaDarwin iphikisana nendawo yonke yaphezulu. Ngesinye isikhathi, imvelo yenkolo yathatha imibono emisha enonya. UDarwin yena ngokwakhe ekusebenzeni komsebenzi washiya ukukholwa. Kodwa manje abamele abaningi bobuKristu sebefikile esiphethweni sokuthi kungaba khona ukubuyisana kwangempela - kukhona labo abanezinkolelo zenkolo futhi abaphiki ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Amasonto amaKatolika nama-Anglican athatha inkolelo kaDarwin, echaza ukuthi uNkulunkulu njengomdali wanikeza amandla ekuqaliseni kokuphila, bese kuvela ngendlela engokwemvelo. Iphiko le-Orthodox lisalokhu lingathandeki kubantu baseDarwin.