Isazi sefilosofi esaziwayo saseJalimane sekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye - u-Arthur Schopenhauer wayekholelwa ukuthi kuyoba yizinto eziyisisekelo futhi emhlabeni wonke. Intando iyabonakala kuzo zonke izici zokuphila: umqhele wesihlahla ufinyelela ekukhanyeni, utshani buhamba phakathi kwe-asphalt, indoda izama ukuzimela nokwazi ukuzibona. Umqondo wokuzikhethela, uvame ukuzwakala ngegama elibi ngenxa yokukhulekela okuyimpumputhe ngesikhathi esifanele sokubusa abantu ngabanye, kusukela emlandweni wezwe lasendulo (amaHaraya aseGibithe, amakhosi aseBhabhiloni nabapristi) nokuphela komlando wanamuhla (A. Hitler, B. Mussolini, N. S. Khrushchev, uLi Brezhnev).
Kusho ukuthini ukuzikhethela?
Igama lokuzithandela livela kuLatin Voluntas - inkululeko, intando. Ngesikhathi sokuqala leli gama lisetshenziswe umholi wezenhlalo F.Tennis ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Ukuzikhethela kusho ukuthini - izenzo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila, kuhlanganise nezombusazwe, impilo yomphakathi - ngokusekelwe ekumelelweni okuzithobayo, intando yakhe nokungazinaki izimo zangempela zomgomo womuntu.
Kuyini ukuzithandela - lo mbuzo nama-nuances ayo ahambisana namagatsha ahlukene wesayensi. Ukushayela okubambisana kuyintando, ngokuphambene nenhlakanipho. Ukungazinaki izimo zomgomo kuholela emiphumeleni emibi emphakathini nasezweni lonke. Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa emazingeni ezombusazwe, efilosofi nasengqondweni.
Ukuzikhethela ngefilosofi
Ukuzivocavoca kwefilosofi kuyisiqondiso esiqondisayo esibeka indima eyinhloko kumuntu noma intando kaNkulunkulu ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi, imvelo kanye nokuphelele. Abasunguli bamanje babengabacwaningi namafilosofi: Augustine, F. Nietzsche, A. Bergson, A. Schopenhauer, I. Skott, E. Gartman. Ukulandela inkolelo - ukuzithandela kwefilosofi kubonisa umzabalazo womuntu noma imvelo ngezimo. Ku-A. Schopenhauer ukuzithandela kuhambisana nokukhathazeka. Izindlela zomhlaba ze-Philosopher, ezisekelwe emthonjeni wezimpumputhe kanye nentando engazi, zazibhekwa njengezingenangqondo.
Ukuzivocavoca ku-Psychology
Ingabe, njengamandla amakhulu, okuyinto enquma zonke izinqubo zengqondo zomuntu. Okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwethonya lalo mkhuba wefilosofi - ingqondo ejulile yenziwa (psychoanalysis of Freud, Psychological analysis of CG Jung). Umsekeli wokuzithandela, isazi sezengqondo uWilliam Wundt ukholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi womqondo womuntu uyisenzo esiphezulu sesenzo sokuzithandela.
Kuyini ukufuna ukuzikhandla kwengqondo? Abahlengikazi baseNtshonalanga bekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisithupha (G. Munsterberg, W. James) bahumusha ukuthi intando yinto ebaluleke ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yengqondo. Ukuzivocavoca njengoba kuhumusha umphumela wekhono elikhethekile elingenangqondo, elingajwayelekile noma elingenakuqonda, eliholela ekuziphatheni komuntu futhi kubangele izenzo zakhe.
Ukuzithandela kwezenkolo
Kuyini ukuzithandela esimweni sezenhlalakahle? Izepolitiki, njengesayensi, ihlola izici eziningi ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi nomuntu ngamunye. Umqondo wokuzithandela ubhekwa ekutadisheni kwezenhlalakahle zokuziphatha kwabantu kanye nezikhathi zazo. Ukucwaninga ngezizathu nezinhloso zabantu ngabanye, okuzikhethela ngokuzikhethela nokuzikhethela. Ukugcwaliseka kwalokhu okufunwa kulokhu akusekelwe ezimweni zomgomo futhi akucabangi imiphumela engenzeka.
I-Voluntarist - ngubani lo?
Inkulumo edumile ye-Sun King Louis XIV: Umbuso ungimi! uveza umbusi waseFrance njengomuntu ozithandayo. Umlando kusukela esikhathini esidala kuze kube manje unikeza izibonelo eziningi zethonya elibhubhisa imibono yokuzithandela. Umuntfu ozithandayo, ngesifiso sakhe sokuzithoba ekuqapheliseni lokho akufunayo, ukholelwa ukuthi ukulandela umphakathi uyozuza wonke umuntu. Noma iyiphi indlela enhle yokufeza. Ubuntu bomuntu ozithandayo ngesikhathi esifanayo udumisa, luvusa - lo mkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi ubuhle buntu ubonakala ngokucacile ngekhulu leminyaka lama-20. Abaziwayo abaziwayo:
- UCaligula - umbusi wamaRoma owaziwayo odumile. Yonakalise izwe. Wakhuthaza ukusebenzisa ama-shells evamile olwandle njengemali.
- ULouis XIV - wakhuluma leli gama: Emva kwethu, ngisho nozamcolo! Isifiso sokunethezeka, ukuzijabulisa - sonakalisa umnotho futhi saholela eFrance.
- I-N.S. Khrushchev - ukuthuthukiswa okungaphumeleli kwamazwe angenamuntu, isifiso sokufinyelela nokudlula i-US, ukulungiswa kweBell Berlin.
I-Voluntarism ne-fatalism
Imithetho yokuzikhethela, empeleni, iyaphambene ne-fatalism, futhi uma ukuzithandela kuthatha indawo yokuqala ekufuneni, khona-ke ama-fatalism yikholo kukho konke okulungiselelwe kusuka phezulu. Abantu abahlukumezayo bangabantu abangaqapheli indima yabo esebenzayo ekusebenzeni kokudala kanye nendima eyinhloko eyabelwe onkulunkulu kanye nesiphetho. I-Fatalism kanye ne-Voluntarism - izinhlelo zokubuka umhlaba jikelele zivela emibonweni enganekwane nefilosofi.